Hypertension in Older Adults: Global Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Policy Implications

School of Computer Science, South-Central Minzu University, 430074 Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Abstract

Hypertension is a major global risk factor for morbidity and mortality, yet comprehensive synthesis of its epidemiological patterns among older adults remains limited. This review integrates global prevalence trends, key risk determinants, health system implications, and supplementary analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2023 data. Hypertension is highly prevalent among individuals aged over 60 years, with rates increasing progressively from 60–64 to 80–84 years. Notably, a sex crossover occurs around 80–84 years, when prevalence among women surpasses that of men. Major determinants include demographic, physiological, and behavioral factors, whose cumulative effects intensify across the life course. These patterns suggest the need for age- and sex-specific management strategies, particularly tailored blood pressure targets for women aged over 80 years. Public health responses should be context-sensitive: expanding screening in resource-limited settings and prioritizing dietary interventions in populations prone to salt-sensitive hypertension. Future priorities include longitudinal studies, greater inclusion of the oldest-old in clinical research, and strengthened global surveillance systems to better address the growing burden of hypertension.