New table grapes in turkey

Table grape consumption is increasing day by day all around the world. New varieties are derived from breeding programs in different countries around the world. Breeding programs in particular are shaped in accordance with the demands of consumers. Especially in recent years, the demands increased for cultivars of table grapes with large berry and maturation at different times, in Turkey as well as in the world market. Also, new cultivars which are tolerant to fungal diseases, late-season and can be stored for a long time had much demand in recent years. For this purpose, new table grapes with these characteristics have been developed by Yalova Atatürk from Central Horticultural Research Institute. Especially in the last few years, the numbers of new cultivars of a total of 12 varieties have been registered. Atak 77, Pembe 77, İsmetbey, Arifbey, Samancı çekirdeksizi, and Yalova Beyazıtable grapes cultivars have been registered in the last few years among the new cultivars. Each one of them is different from the standard cultivars and has been registered with superior properties. Most of these cultivars need less pesticide application in high humidity areas and can be grown successfully. These new cultivars were tested in different ecology and determined suitable regions. These new table grape varieties started to be grown in different part of Turkey nowadays.


Introduction
The grape is the one of the most valuable horticultural crop in the world.The grape is one of the earliest domesticated fruit crops and, since antiquity; it has been widely cultivated and prized for its fruit and wine (Myles et al., 2010).The archaeological record suggests that cultivation of the domesticated grape, Vitis vinifera subsp.vinifera, began 6,000-8,000 y ago in the Near East from its wild progenitor, Vitis vinifera subsp.sylvestris.Most grapes come from cultivars of Vitis vinifera L., the European grapevine native to the Mediterranean and Central Asia.Minor amounts of fruit and wine come from American and Asian.The fruit from the world's ∼8 million ha of vineyard is mostly processed into wine, but some is destined for fresh consumption as table grapes, dried into raisins, processed into non-alcoholic juice, and distilled into spirits.The thousands of grape cultivars in use today have been generated since then by vegetative propagation and by crosses (McGovern, 2003).
Turkey also has very old viticulture history.Turkey has a history of viticulture dating back to 3500 B.D.Moreover, viticulture and wine production were established in eastern and south-eastern Anatolia (C ¸elik et al., 2000).Grape breeding programs are conducted in many countries; however, these programs vary in scope and size.Some breeding programs are focused on the production of rootstocks, wine, dessert grapes and raisins (Janick and Moore, 1996).In Turkey, breeding studies began in the 1970s and are currently in progress at various institutions.As a result, 12 new table grape cultivars have been registered and several cultivars from these studies have a Corresponding author: e-mail: atakarif@gmail.combeen selected (Uslu and Samancı, 1998;Özer et al., 2005;Atak et al., 2012).In addition, six new grape varieties, was registered in last two years.Table grapes takes place among the most consumed fruit.This situation increases the importance of quality characteristics of table grapes.For this reason, breeders of Turkey tried to increase the quality characteristics of table grape varieties.In addition, traits such as disease resistance and early-late harvest also were aimed in breeding programs.In this study, we examined the grape hybrids, hereinafter referred to as cultivars/candidates selected by Yalova Atatürk Central Horticultural Research Institute (YACHRI) morphology and some quality characteristics during the two different harvest season.
Arifbey: "Arifbey" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Beyaz S ¸am and Müs ¸küle."Arifbey" ripens second or third week of the August.It has a largely neutral flavour with slight fruity flavour in some observations.Some desirable traits of "Arifbey" are attractive light yellow berry colour.Berries average 7-8 g, and cluster weight ranges from 150 to 250 g, medium in size.Soluble solids content averages 14% and acidity also very low.So it is advisable for diabetics.Skin is edible.Fruit cracking was usually not found after summer rainfall during ripening or at maturity for "Arifbey".Vines usually have moderate vigour and yield and exhibit good cold hardiness in Northern part of Turkey.It has moderate resistance to common fungal diseases.This cultivar has excellent clusters that are fairly large and very loose to deter much bunch rot.Samancı c ¸ekirdeksizi: "Samancı c ¸ekirdeksizi" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of BIO Web of Conferences  Descriptors used in this study and their OIV codes are presented in Table 3. Ampelographic observations were made during two consecutive vegetation periods.The characteristics of the vines were defined and measured according to OIV descriptors.The shoot tips were investigated when they were approximately 10-30 cm in height, and the first-four distal leaves of young leaves were evaluated.Mature leaf descriptions were obtained between berry set and beginning of berry maturity and were conducted on leaves above the cluster within the middle of the shoot.The clusters were measured at maturity, and berry characteristics were obtained from ripe berries located in 01002-p.3 the middle of the bunch.On average, ten canes per variety were analysed after leaf fall.

Skin colour of berry
Surface colour measurements were determined using a CR-300 Chroma Meter (Minolta, Ramsey, NJ).The Chroma meter was calibrated on the CIE LAB colour space system using a white tile (Dc: L = 97.79, a = −0.11,b = 2.69).The "L" value represents lightness and "a" and 01002-p.4"b" values represent redness and yellowness, respectively.30 berries were randomly chosen from each replication for recording the berry skin colour from three different part of each berry during the harvest (Table 5).

Results and discussion
Breeding projects were performed in the province of Yalova, particularly in humid climate.Especially cultivars/candidates, fungal diseases tolerant, were selected among the hybrids.After obtaining table grape with cross breeding, ampelographic characterization, degustation panel and determination of berry colour were analysed in order to understand quality level of candidates.Ampelographic characterisation of the cultivars/candidates was based ampelographic scoring (0-9) of OIV, 2001(Second Edition of the OIV Descriptor List for Grape Varieties and Vitis Species), is shown Table 3. Assessments can be summarized briefly as follows the results obtained; Some ampelographic observations didn't show any difference for all cultivars/candidates.These are structure 01002-p.5 BIO Web of Conferences of surface (OIV 102), and degree of resistance to oidium (OIV 455).The maximum difference was obtained from berry shape (OIV 223), density of prostrate hairs between main veins on lower side of blade (OIV 053), length of seeds (OIV 242), and weight of seeds (OIV 243).
All of the new registered cultivars (Ismetbey, Atak 77 and Pembe 77) seeded and large berry.These varieties, and especially Pembe 77 and Atak 77 draw attention with late harvest, disease resistance, and also long storage life.These both cultivars are particularly suitable in humid and last-season table grape growing regions.After quality evaluations (Table 4) these varieties also received the highest scores.It means that they have high chance of consumer demand in the market.Also due to the different colours of new cultivars, it is advantage for different markets (Table 5).
Compared to the other cultivars/candidates 85/1 and 86/1 have very similar phenotypic characteristics.Both candidates have fully developed gynoecium fully developed gynoecium while others have fully developed stamens and reflexed stamens.However, because of the desire to pollinators in some years can make shot berries.For this reason, the time of flowering should be help for enough pollination.Despite this flower type, these varieties have Muscat flavour and ripen very early.It can be considered very early locations and greenhouse production.
Arifbey was distinguished particularly low total soluble solids and acidity.Especially it can be consumed by the growing number of diabetics.Shiny light yellow colour, large berries and high yield are the most important characteristics of Arifbey.Berries are not very dense on the bunch and it affects resistance of fungal diseases.
83/1, 53/1 and 130/1 were selected as cultivar candidates from F1 plot because they appeared fungal disease tolerant hybrids.83/1 has high yield potential and red berries but homogeneity of berry colour is n't enough level.53/1 has also high yield potential but berry size is relatively small if compare other candidates.Among cultivars/candidates only 130/1 has seedless characteristic.Its berries are larger than most of the standard seedless cultivars.However, yields remained low in Yalova conditions.It will be decided to register will be given taking into account the results in other ecologies.70/1 and 5/2 have large berries and yellow colour.70/1 also has high yield potential but it is sensitive to fungal diseases especially powdery mildew.It can be grown in dry areas with a high quality berries but not in humid regions.5/2 candidate have a full round berries and table corresponds to a very high value but yield is lower than the other candidates.Especially with high water soluble solids is suitable for lovers of sweet grapes.
The other candidate is 7/1 and it is one of the earliest grapes.7/1 can be harvested very early and berries have green-yellow colour.However, two most important problems of candidate are shot berry and sensitivity of fungal diseases.This situation is a problem especially in humid ecologies, where the drier climate was not a serious problem.
Degustation Test Score results were based on the average of two years.The highest score was obtained respectively by İsmetbey, Pembe 77, 5/2, Atak 77 and 70/1.The lowest score was obtained by 53/1 and 7/1 candidates.Small berry size of these candidates had been effective in this score.Also shot berries of 7/1 had been effective in this lowest score.
As a result of two years average analyses of skin berry colour values are as follows; Arifbey was the for the most brightness candidate relative to the average of two years, on the other hand İsmetbey was the most darkness cultivar.While 85/1 had the highest green colour, 83/1 and Pembe 77 had the highest red colour.53/1 had the highest yellow colour and İsmetbey had the highest blue colour.Especially red and black berry cultivars began to record more demand by producers and consumers in the last years.Also brightness plays an important role in consumer choice.Therefore İsmetbey, Atak 77, Pembe 77 and Arifbey had come to the fore with colours.Should be noted that especially in coloured varieties were can display some differences in colouration different ecologies.Similar results were obtained with these cultivars/candidates.

Conclusions
Registration of some candidates was started in the light of the obtained data of this study.Registration process of Ismetbey, Pembe 77 with dark skin colour and Atak 77 with light skin colour was completed in 2012.Also Arifbey, Samancı c ¸ekirdeksizi and Yalova beyazıjust registered in the beginning of the 2014.Registration had started some candidates which had especially with a high value of degustation score and relatively high yield potential.In addition, the potentials of these varieties were checked by adaptation studies of different ecologies.Now it is clear to grow new cultivars which part of the Turkey.
New table grapes were presented to our country and the world.New breeding program will be start soon by Ataturk Horticultural Central Research Institute.This time it will mainly focus fungal disease resistance cultivars.
This study was supported by, Ministry of Food Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies.

Table 1 .
Cultivars were obtained breeding program by Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institution (AHCRI).

Table 2 .
Cultivar candidate were obtained breeding program by Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institution (AHCRI).to common fungal diseases.It is a late maturing variety so it is recommended for high altitude inner region.For a good coloration, places where more day-night temperature difference must be selected.Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Hönüsü and Siyah Gemre.Registered in 1990 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens Third week of the July (in Yalova condition) so it is very early cultivar.It ripens second week of the June in the south of Turkey.It ripens second week of the August.Berries average 4-5 g, non-slipskin and cluster weight ranges from 250 to 300 g, medium in size.Vines usually have moderate vigour and high yield and exhibit good cold hardiness in Northern part of Turkey.It has moderate resistance to common fungal diseases.Sometime berries would crack especially in the case of frequent irrigation.Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Royal and Perle de Csaba.Registered in 1990 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens first week of the August (in Yalova condition) Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Beyaz C ¸avus ¸and Cardinal."Ata Sarısı" ripens third week of the August."Ata Sarısı" is non-slipskin, and very large berry.Berries average 10-12 g, and cluster weight ranges from 350 to 500 g, large to in size.One of the disadvantages is sensitivity to fungal diseases were found in humid regions during ripening or at maturity for "Ata Sarısı".Vines usually have strong vigour and yield.In particular, huge berries, golden yellow colour and high yield increase table values.It is one the best price grape cultivar sale in the Turkish market.Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Beyrut Hurmasıand Perlette."Ergin c ¸ekirdeksizi" is a yellow seedless grape with high yields (15-20 kg/vine).It ripens second week of the August.Cluster weight ranges from 500 to 600 g, moderately thick skin.Vines usually have moderate vigour and high it has moderate resistance to common fungal diseases.Berries have moderate size (3-4 g).Gibberellic acid (GA) application makes larger the berries.However, 10-15 ppm GA application should be done in order to reduce number of clusters during the flowering.
İsmetbey: " İsmetbey" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Siyah Gemre and Royal.Registered in 2012 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens third or last week of the August.Vines usually have moderate yield (10-15 kg/vine)."İsmetbey" is a violet-black grape with a little crispy texture.Berries average 7-8 g, and cluster weight ranges from 150 to 250 g, medium in size.Vines usually have strong vigour.Berries have a slightly flattened end portion and it is extremely unique structure.Atak 77: "Atak 77" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Beyaz C ¸avus ¸and Hamburg Muscat.Registered in 2012 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens very late in Yalova condition.Generally ripen end of the September and it can keep on the vine until December.Vines usually have strong vigour and high yield (15-20 kg/vine)."Atak77" is a yellow grape with a large berries.Berries average 8 g, and cluster weight ranges from 150 to 250 g, medium in size.Vines usually have strong vigour.It has moderate to high resistance to common fungal diseases.Due to making a lot of bunches it is necessary to reduce the number of cluster with thinning.It is a late maturing variety so it is recommended for high altitude inner region.Pembe 77: "Pembek 77" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Alphonse and Muscat Reine des Vignes.Registered in 2012 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens very late in Yalova condition.Generally ripen end of the September and it can keep on the vine until December.Vines usually have moderate vigour and yield (10 kg/vine)."Pembe77" is a red-dark red grape with a large berries.Berries average 8 g, have special aroma, crispy structure and cluster weight ranges from 150 to 250 g, medium in size.It has moderate to high resistance 01002-p.2Uslu:"Uslu" is a Yalova İncisi: "Yalova İncisi" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Hönüsü and Siyah Gemre.Registered in 1990 as new table grape cultivar.It ripens last week of the July (in Yalova condition) so it is early cultivar.It ripens last week of the June in the south of Turkey.Vines usually have strong vigour and yield (15-20 kg/vine)."Yalovaİncisi"has yellow berry colour.Berries average 6-7 g, have neutral aroma, and cluster weight ranges from 250 to 300 g, medium in size.It has moderate resistance to common fungal diseases.It is an early maturing variety so it is recommended for south region also for greenhouses.Yalova C ¸ekirdeksizi: "Yalova c ¸ekirdeksizi" is a Vitis vinifera grape variety derived from the crossing of the Beyrut Hurmasıand Perlette."Yalovac ¸ekirdeksizi" is a yellow seedless grape with high yields.soit is early cultivar.Vines usually have strong vigour and yield (15 kg/vine)."YalovaMisketi" has black berry colour.Berries average 6 g, have Muscat flavour, and cluster weight ranges from 200 to 250 g, medium in size.It has moderate resistance to common fungal diseases.It is an early maturing variety so it is recommended for south region also for greenhouses.Ata Sarısı: "Ata sarısı" is a