Antiviral activity of fungi of the Novosibirsk Region : Pleurotus ostreatus and P . pulmonarius ( Review )

The article reviews of antiviral properties of two species of fungi from the Novosibirsk Region of the genus Pleurotus. Fruit bodies and cultivated mycelium of Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius are a promising source of extracts with polysaccharides, possessing antiviral and anti-cancer properties.


Introduction
Pleurotus ostreatus and P. pulmonarius are saprotrophic wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes of the Pleurotaceae family (figure.1).These mushrooms are edible, their fruit bodies are a valuable dietary product.Oyster mushrooms are cultivated on commercially as a food product.In Novosibirsk Region, in

Results and Discussion
The antiviral properties of fungi began to be studied in the second half of the 20th century.For the first time in 1979, data were obtained on the antiviral activity of the extract from Lentinula edodes [13].In 1969, the antitumor activity of a polysaccharide extracted from the fruit body of P. ostreatus [20].
Polysaccharides of oyster mushrooms were first isolated from P. ostreatus.It was an insoluble polysaccharide Pleuran [7], commercial name Imunoglukan®.It possesses immunomodulating properties that make the body more resistant to infections and cancer [10] and has other properties.It was found that polysaccharides possess antitumor activity [1].The antiviral properties of aqueous and methanol extracts of P. ostreatus were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).Antiviral activity correlates with the betaglucans present in the polysaccharide fraction, which showed higher antiviral activity than aqueous extracts [12].
Water extracts with polysaccharides P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius were active against the herpes simplex virus of the second type.The antiviral activity of water extracts of fungi is associated with the presence of polysaccharides and increases with increasing concentration of polysaccharides [2].
Extracts with polysaccharides obtained from water extracts from the genus Pleurotus completely suppress the infectious activity of at least 1000 TCID50 of the West Nile virus [11].
The antiviral activity of the in vitro mycelium of higher fungi against influenza A virus (serotype H1N1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), strain BH was investigated.P. ostreatus inhibited the propagation of the influenza A / FM / 1/47 (H1N1) virus strain in MDCK cells that reduce the infectious titer by 2.0-6.0 lg ID50.It was determined that P. ostreatus is effective against HSH-2 strain BH in RK-13 cells with similar levels of inhibition as for influenza [9].
Ubiquitin-like glycoprotein was isolated from P. ostreatus, which inhibited the development of the human immunodeficiency virus [18].It was found that the purified lectins of P. ostreatus as an adjuvant (1 mg / ml) also enhance the immunogenicity of the hepatitis B DNA vaccine [3].

Conclusions
Many polysaccharides exhibiting antiviral effects also possess antitumor properties [16,19].Data on the antitumor and antiviral activity of the same species of fungi indicate a correlation between these properties [14].The role of extracts obtained from basidiomycetes can only increase, because in addition to the prevention and treatment of viral infections, polysaccharides and other metabolites of fungi will contribute to the prevention of types of cancer that have a viral etiology [4].
The reported research was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the government of the Novosibirsk Region of the Russian Federation, grant № 18-44-543018.