Success of organic and biodynamic system experiment to produce high quality wines

. Reducing input use and in particular pesticide use is very important in OIV 2018 new resolutions. Also Europe and France promote research and co-design with winegrowers in more sustainable viticulture according to a combination of climate change. It is also very important to take into account soil diversity and Protected Designation Areas constraints to make sure that new wines will ensure the sustainability of the wineries. This study explores design, experiment and assess of new realistic viticulture production systems located in Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) areas and with already organic or biodynamic certiﬁcation for six consecutive years, in winery production conditions. It also discusses the chosen assessment indicators and the adoption of such new production systems by winegrowers. Eleven cases were studied in a system experiment network in Alsace (France) and in six consecutive production years. Contrasted production years, PDO areas combined to organic or biodynamic certiﬁcation allow testing the resilience of experimented systems over time. Combination of new practices are tested to drastically reduce input and in particular pesticide. Assessed performances of the systems deal with 14 main indicators: social acceptability (1) and economic viability (1), agronomy (yield (1), harvested berries quality (2), fungi damage (3), soil quality (1), and wine sensorial analysis (1) and environment (Frequency Treatment Index (1), Cupper rate (1), INDIGO ® method (2)). Several innovations were selected by co-design with winegrowers: adding essential oil and Propolis to copper spraying; total grass cover of the vine site; new decision rules for rate and time pesticide spraying; decision aid tool; resistant grape varieties planted. The assessment results support that the performance of the 14 indicators is very good for most of the eleven systems during the six assessed years. Combinations of tested innovations are neither dangerous nor difﬁcult to enforce in the ﬁeld by the vineworkers. Innovations do not increase the cost of grape production. The yield ratios were satisfactory the 6-yeared of observation because calculated yield match with targeted yield. Harvested berries quality support that the 7 vine sites succeed in targeted total acidity and sugar rate according to the different PDO conditions every years. Wines were Alsace or Grand Cru PDO labelled and successful marketed. At least, the Treatment Frequency Index is reduced by an average of 40% for all vine sites and assessed years. TFI can be reduced at a maximum of 89% and TFI median is 38%. Cupper rate can be reduced at a maximum of 97% and Cupper rate median is 54%. I-pest from INDIGO ® method indicate a minimal risk taking for groundwater, surface water, air and beneﬁcial organisms contamination. And ﬁnally, ﬂora richness indicator is stable or steadily increases during the 6 study years. In this study, we demonstrated that drastically monitoring reduction of pesticide and other inputs is possible. Chosen indicators allow a exhaustive assessment, but could also been aggregated all together to give a synthetic information to winegrowers and make them easier to adopt the innovative systems. Introduction of innovation combinations in highly sustainable organic and biodymanic systems are validated to produce high quality wines. Now, it is possible to serenely promote and disseminate these highly sustainable innovative systems, taking into account of course vineyard diversity.


Introduction
Reducing inputs, and in particular pesticide use, is one of the most important challenges in global viticulture (Saint-Ges and Bélis-Bergouignan, 2009). The vine is a perennial crop planted for a few decades. One way to reduce the use of inputs in existing wine systems or new-planted vineyard is to introduce combinations of innovations into these production systems (Delière et al., 2014) and design system experiment (Metral et al., 2012;Thiollet-Scholtus et al., 2016). These wine-growing systems are often subject to constraints such as climate change, the diversity of soil conditions, certification by Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) specifications

Site CHAT ING RIBEAU WINTZ
or environmental specifications (organic or biodynamic agriculture).
In this study, we analyse the multi-criteria performance of organic and biodynamic wine-growing systems to which we have added combinations of innovations that drastically reduce pesticide use.

Material
There are two organic and two biodynamic systems in PEPSVI system experiment. They are all in different soil and climate conditions, in Alsace, located in the northeast of France.
The temperature and rainfall conditions of the 2 studied years, 2017 and 2018, were such that this reduced average pest pressure.
CHAT and ING are in wine-growing farms; RIBEAU and WINTZ are in INRA experiment stations. The four systems reflect a variety of production situations: biodynamic or organic, grape variety and root-stock, vine age, soil type, low to steep slopes, Alsace or Grand Cru PDO and targeted yield by the winegrower (Table 1).

Agronomic assessment
All measurements and notations are made on 10 plots of 10 vines. The means and standard deviations are then calculated to obtain a single value per innovative system and per year. Yield is calculated from the measurement of the weight of the plot harvest (in kg.vine −1 ) and related to the surface (in kg.ha −1 and/or hL.ha −1 depending on the grape variety). The intensity and frequency rating of fungi damage due to grey rot (Botrytis cinerea) is made by visual observation.

Environmental assessment
The use pressure of plant protection products is assessed using the Treatment Frequency Index (TFI) for all treatments but also detailed for fungicides, herbicides and bio-control products used and compared to the Alsace regional reference (in 2013, TFI = 10.4), (Pujol, 2017).
Copper rate used per hectare per year is also calculated for each system and year. It is a useful indicator for winegrowers in the same way as the TFI for all used pesticides.

Social and economic assessment
During PEPSVI project, a method of evaluation using dashboards (SOECO) of the "social" and "economic" pillars was developed (Keichinger and Thiollet-Scholtus, 2017). Social assessment focuses on risk of pesticide use, total TFI (comparing to regional average) −88% −89% −54% −69% Copper use (comparing to regional average use) −80% −75% −97% −94% Social (comparing to system without innovation) + 34% -0% -Economic (comparing to system without innovation) + 37% -+ 41% - total FTI (comparing to regional average) −30% 12% −30% 46% Copper use (comparing to regional average use) −23% −53% −23% −63% Social (comparing to system without innovation) 44% ---Economic (comparing to system without innovation) 17% --hardness work and safety within the winery. Economic assessment is based on profitability of the winery. The originality of SOECO method comes from the possibility of being able to assess innovations in the light of what is usually done on the winery and therefore to know its level of adoptability (socio-economic) by winegrowers.

Results
The assessment results of the innovative systems make it possible to achieve the objectives of reducing the use of pesticides in vineyard. Each system results are presented bellow.

Assessment of biodynamic innovative systems
CHAT goals are (i) reducing yield, (ii) maintaining sanitary quality of grapes at harvest and finally (iii) reducing copper use. Yield is reduced in 2017 by 12% and stabilized in 2018 comparing to the reference, which is acceptable according to Chat goals. Sanitary quality is stable the two studied years regardless fungi damage is the same for CHAT and for the reference. Pesticide total use (TFI) and copper rate are reduced by at least 75% compared to reference. This allows the second objective of CHAT to be achieved. And finally, CHAT system improves social sustainability and even increases productivity compared to the system without innovation (Table 3). ING goals are (i) stabilizing yield, (ii) maintain sanitary quality of grapes at harvest and finally (iii) reduce copper use. Yield drops sharply in 2017 by 54% and is little higher in 2018 than the reference. 2017 yield drop is explain by the poor sanitary quality of clusters at harvest (18% of fungi damage). ING pesticide total use (TFI) is reduced by more than 54% compared to reference; and copper rate by more than 94% compared to reference. This allows the second objective of ING to be achieved, but not the first ING goal. And finally, introducing innovations in ING system does not change social sustainability of the system and even increases productivity compared to the system without innovation (Table 3).

Assessment of organic innovative systems
RIBEAU goals are (i) stabilizing Grand Cru yield, (ii) maintaining sanitary quality of grapes at harvest, and finally (iii) reducing pesticide use and working time. Yield is reduced in 2017 by 38% and astonishing increases in 2018 comparing to the reference. Sanitary quality is poor in 2017 because of drastic reduction of pesticide use that has led to strong fungi damage. RIBEAU pesticide total use (TFI) is reduced by more than 30% in 2017 but is higher of 12% than the reference in 2018. Copper rate is reduced by more than 23% both years compared to reference. And finally, RIBEAU system improves social sustainability and even increases productivity compared to the system without innovation. This allows the third objective of RIBEAU to be achieved, but not the two others (Table 4).
WINTZ goal is to have a system experiment implanted to get references for vineyard. Yield of the first year of cluster production is reduced in 2017 by 36% and astonishing increases in 2018 comparing to the reference. Sanitary quality is the same for WINTZ and for the reference. WINTZ pesticide total use (TFI) is reduced by 30% in 2017 but is higher of 46% than the reference in 2018. Copper rate is reduced by more than 23% both years compared to reference. And finally, WINTZ social and productivity sustainability were not calculated because not comparable to reference data (Table 4).

Conclusion
Our results demonstrated that drastically reduction of pesticide us by introduction of innovations is possible in organic and biodynamic French vineyard. Our case studies demonstrate that agronomic, environmental, social and economic assessment is largely acceptable. Now, the combinations of innovations can be tested in a full-scale application.