Influence of the nutritional level and pre-sowing seed treatment on the yield of spring wheat

It remains relevant to meet the needs of plants in nutrients, methods of using growth stimulants, considering the active phases of culture development. The purpose of our research is to study the complex effect of the level of mineral nutrition, pre-sowing treatment of seeds, and spraying growing plants with a growth regulator on the productivity of spring wheat. Laboratory research and field experiments were carried out in 2019–2020 based on the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution in the field of Higher Education "Kazan State Agrarian University" on gray forest soil. The average yield of spring wheat over the years of research against the background without fertilizers was 3.94 t/ha, against the background of NPK to obtain 3.5 t/ha of grain – 4.53 t/ha, against the background of NPK to obtain 4.5 t/ha of grain – 5.24 t/ha. The complex use of growth stimulants during pre-sowing seed treatment and double spraying in the tillering phase and spring wheat into the tube contributed to an increase in yield in all nutritional backgrounds by another 4.9–6.3 %.


Introduction
The annual production of stable yields of wheat grain remains the most important task of the farmers of the Republic of Tatarstan. To accomplish this task, at the beginning it is necessary to form leveled shoots [1][2][3]. Spring wheat in the phase of full sprouting does not have a powerful root system that can compete with weeds. For the accelerated development of roots, it is necessary to create optimal conditions for their growth -this is access to moisture, air, and nutrients [4][5][6]. For the same purpose, according to many researchers, is the use of growth stimulants during pre-sowing seed treatment and during vegetation [7][8][9].
The purpose of our study is to study the complex effect of mineral nutrition, pre-sowing seed treatment, and spraying plants with growth stimulants during the active phases of spring wheat development.

Research methods and techniques
The research was carried out on gray forest soils of the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution in the field of Higher Education Kazan State Agrarian University in 2019-2020. The content in the arable layer of humus is more than 3.0 %, mobile phosphorus (according to Kirsanov) is very high (more than 250 mg/kg), exchangeable potassium is increased (121-170 mg/kg), had a neutral reaction of the medium (pH 6.1-7,0).
The field experiment scheme provided for the study of the following options: Mineral nutrition background (factor A) - • without fertilizers (control); • calculation of fertilizers by the balance method (N36P23K35) for a grain yield of 3.5 t/ha; • calculation of fertilizers by the balance method (N94P83K77) for a grain yield of 4.5 t/ha. Seed treatment and spraying of crops (factor B) -1. Control (disinfectant fungicide Vial Trust 0.5 l/t); 2. Treater 0.5 l/t and spraying of crops in the tillering phase with growth regulator Stimax Growth 1 l/ha; 3. Treater 0.5 l/t + Stimax 0.5 l/t and spraying crops in the tillering phase Stimax Growth 1 l / ha; 4. Treater 0.5 l/t + Stimax 0.5 l/t and spraying crops in the tillering phase Stimax Growth 1 l/ha, in the phase of entering the tube Nutrivant Plus 2 kg/ha.
The experiments were carried out in four repetitions, the plots were placed sequentially, the area of the registration plots was 25 m 2 . The object of the study was spring wheat of the Ulyanovskaya 105 variety. Mathematical processing of the research results was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov using programs for Microsoft Excel [10].

Results and its discussion
For 2019-2020 field germination of spring wheat when using the Vial Trust dressing agent 0.5 l/t against the background without fertilizers was 68.6-69.1 % (Fig. 1).
Joint treatment of seeds with a 0.5 l/t seed dressing agent and a 0.5 l/t stimulator of growth Stimax against the same background made it possible to increase field germination by 1.4-2.2 %. Against the background of NPK by 3.5 t/ha of grain, the difference in field BIO Web of Conferences 37, 00010 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700010 FIES 2021 germination with joint treatment and treatment with only a dressing agent was 3.3 %, and against the background of NPK by 4.5 t/ha of grain, respectively -4.5 %. Field germination at the first level of NPK feeding by 3.5 t/ha of grain was 5.2 % higher than the background without fertilization. The safety of spring wheat seedlings to harvesting when the seeds were treated with a seed dressing agent alone against the background without fertilizers was 87.1 %, against the background of NPK by 3.5 t/ha of grain 86.4-87.2 %, against the background of NPK by 4.5 t/ha of grain 86.1-86.6 % (Fig. 2).  The complex use of the seed dressing agent Vial Trust and the growth stimulator Stimax during presowing treatment and when spraying crops in the tillering phase of Stimax wheat Growth of 1 l/ha, in the phase of entering the tube Nutrivant Plus 1.8 %, against the background of NPK by 3.5 t/ha of grain -by 2.5 %, against the background of NPK by 4.5 t/ha of grain -by 5.5 %. The preservation of spring wheat was influenced by the temperature regime, the presence of moisture, and forms of nutrients available to plants in certain phases of development. In the years of research, the reserves of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil for sowing Spring wheat yield on average for 2019-2020 against the background without the use of fertilizers when treating seeds Vial Trust 0.5 l/t was 3.94 t/ha when treating seeds Vial Trust + Stimax and spraying in the tillering phase Stimax Growth -4.11 t/ha (Table 1).
Against the background of NPK by 3.5 t/ha of grain during seed treatment with a growth stimulator and spraying in the tillering phase of spring wheat, the average yield was 4.67 t/ha, which is 3 % higher than the control, and with additional processing the phase of entering the tube Nut-rivant Plus -4.75 t/ha, which is 4.9 % more than the control. Against the background of NPK by 4.5 t/ha of grain with the use of growth stimulants on seed treatment and one spraying, the yield is higher than the control by 4.4 %, with seed treatment and two sprays of crops -by 6.3 %.
The use of growth stimulants in the tillering and tubing phase of spring wheat helped to improve the quality of the grain due to an increase in the nitrogen content in the leaves, spikelet, and flower scales, from where it later enters the grain. Yield growth with such spraying is not always observed, and then only due to an increase in the mass of 1000 grains since by the time of spraying, the rest of the productivity elements of the wheat plant have already been formed (Fig. 3).
The mass fraction of gluten in the grain of spring wheat against a background without fertilizers, when using a seed dressing agent and spraying in the biting phase of Stimax Growth was 26.9 % (Fig. 4).
Against the same background, nutrition during the treatment of seeds with a disinfectant, growth stimulator Stimax, and spraying in the tillering phase of Stimax Growth, the mass fraction of gluten increased to 27.8 %, and with additional processing and in the howling wheat Nutrivant Plus reached 28.6 %. Against the background of NPK by 3.5 t/ha of grain during seed treatment with a seed dressing agent and spraying during the tillering phase of spring wheat with a growth stimulant, the mass fraction of gluten was 23.4 %, which is 9.8 % higher than the control, and when seeds were treated with a stimulant Sti -max and spraying of crops Stimax Growth and Nut-rivant Plus reached 28.4 %.

Conclusion
To increase the yield of spring wheat, it is necessary to use the calculation and balance method of applying mineral fertilizers, growth stimulators during pre-sowing seed treatment and spraying crops in the tillering and stemming phase.