An evaluation of the use of sideral precursors and biologics in the cultivation of long-legged flax

The paper presents data on the study of the effectiveness of new biological drugs-the biofungicides Trichozan and Vitariz and biological insecticide against the background of the action and aftereffect of the sideral precursors of long-legged flax. The research was conducted in the Scientific Research Center of the Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy in 2018-2020. The positive effect of the action and aftereffect of the sideral precursors on the productivity of plants and the yield of flax was established. The greatest increases in the yield of straw and seeds were obtained in 2019-2020 when flax was placed after the sideral precursors and the complex use of the biological products Trichozan, Vitariz, and Bioinsecticide. The quality of flax straw improved by 0.5-0,25 sortonomer with the interaction of the complex of biological products and the action of siderates and by 0.25 sortonomer-with the use of biological products for the treatment of seeds and plants against the background of the aftereffect of siderates. The level of profitability for the years increased by 41.9-11.7%, respectively.


Introduction
The basis of modern technologies for growing crops is the development and implementation of organic farming, the use of preparations of natural origin (Melnikova, 2019). Siderates play an agroecological role in the system of biologization of agriculture, reproduction of soil fertility, and rational use of mineral fertilizers (Efremova, Zotova, 2020;Bashkov, Bortnik, 2012;Esedullaev, Melsaev, 2019). The study of new predecessors of fiber flax, their aftereffects is a very urgent topic of research aimed at achieving the productivity potential of varieties. Biologized technologies are also based on the use of biological products to stimulate plant growth and protect against pathogens. The effectiveness of biological drugs has been confirmed by several scientific studies (Chudinova, 2011;Korepanova, 2014;Yakovleva, Vasiliev, 2020). A review of literature data shows that the biological products used in the experiments contributed to an increase in the yield of straw and seeds by 16-18%, the level of productivity was 7.2 c / ha of seeds and 11.7 t / ha of long fiber, therefore there are reserves for increasing the yield of cultivated based on the use of more effective preparations and technology for growing flax according to new predecessors. The biopreparations Trihozan and Vitariz, Bioinsecticide, green manure precursors of fiber flax used in the experiments have not been studied before.

Formulation of the problem
The search for new precursors and effective biological preparations in flax cultivation is necessary in order to increase soil fertility, increase the efficiency of the protection system and stimulation of plant growth and development, aimed at obtaining the potential yield of zoned varieties and improving the quality of grown products.

Description of the studied subject of the article
In field experiments, new preparations were studied based on bacteria and fungi -Vitariz and Trihozan, which have a growth-stimulating and fungicidal effect. Vitaris is obtained based on Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichozan -the preparation contains a fungus of the genus Trichoderma Trichoderma Lignorum, Bioinsecticide contains a combination of natural avermectins, which are produced by non-pathogenic soil fungi Bacillus thuringiensis, Streptomyces sp., Beauveria bassiana. Trihozan -3 l / ha was applied in autumn, after harvesting the predecessor, and in spring, under presowing cultivation at a dose of 2 l / ha. Trihozan -1 l / t and Vitariz -1 l / t were used for sequential dressing of seeds before sowing. Vitariz -1 l / ha was used for the double treatment of plants during the growing season, Bioinsecticide -3 l / ha -for a single treatment in the herringbone phase.
To increase the biological activity of the preparations, Fertility Universal humate was added to the working fluid at a dose of 300 ml/ha. Sowing of green manure was carried out in 2018 in 2 terms: 1 term -in May, 2 term -in July. The seeding rate of mustard seeds is 20 kg/ha, peas in mixed sowing -200 kg/ha (2 million seeds per 1 ha), oats -35 kg/ha (1.2 million seeds per 1 BIO Web of Conferences 37, 00025 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700025 FIES 2021 ha). Seeds of green manure crops before sowing were treated with a 2% solution of the growth stimulator "Energen Aqua". Mineral fertilizers were applied before presowing cultivation at the rate of N12P40K40. Sowing of flax variety Tomskiy -17 was carried out in 2019 after green manure predecessors with the SSNP-16 selection seeder with row spacing of 10 cm. The seeding rate is 23 million viable seeds per hectare. For sowing, conditioned seeds of the first reproduction were used.
Research Objective: to establish the effect and aftereffect of green manure predecessors and biological products on plant productivity and the yield of fiber flax.

Research methods
The studies were carried out following the method of conducting field experiments with fiber flax (Dolgov, Kovalev, 1978). The study uses the methods of soil research and determination of the quality of flax straw. Statistical processing of the experimental data was carried out by the method of analysis of variance according to B. A.Dospekhov. The experiment scheme in 2018 included 5 options, 4 replicates, in 2019 -6 options, 4 replicates, in 2020 -4 options, 4 replicates. The total area of the plot is 40 m², the location of the plots is consistent. The results of counting the number of bolls per plant, the mass of straw, and the mass of seeds from 50 plants showed the advantage of using white mustard as a green manure precursor and biological products. The density of standing of fiber flax plants before harvesting is higher when plowing peas with oats and using biological products, which is associated with the possibility of more thorough incorporation of green mass in comparison with mustard (Table 1). The yield of fiber flax straw in 2019 increased against the background of the predecessor peas + oats by 47.9%, against the background of mustard -by 33.0%, the yield of seeds increased by 49.0-39.2%, respectively ( Table 2).

Rresults and discussion
Biologics were characterized by growth-stimulating effects. The greatest increase in the yield of seeds and straw was obtained with the integrated use of biological products: Trihozan (soil treatment) + Vitariz and Trihozan (sequential seed dressing) + Vitariz (plant treatment) + Bioinsecticide (plant treatment). The increase in straw yield was 49.7 c/ha (91.5%) for the pea-oats background and 38 c/ha (70%) for the mustard background. The seed yield increased by 10.4-9.0 centner/ha, respectively (203.9-176.4%), significant increases in the yield of flax products were obtained for both predecessors (Table 2).
In 2020, the largest increases in straw and seed yield were also obtained with the integrated use of biological products. The increase in straw yield was 22.6 c/ha (75.3%), seeds -2.7 c/ha (69.2%). The total yield of flax products decreased compared to 2019 due to a decrease in plant density due to an increase in weediness of crops (Table 3). In 2020, the largest increases in straw and seed yield were also obtained with the integrated use of biological products. The increase in straw yield was 22.6 c/ha (75.3%), seeds -2.7 c/ha (69.2%). The total yield of flax products decreased compared to 2019 due to a decrease in plant density due to an increase in weediness of crops (Table 4).
Green manure precursors and biological products had a positive effect on the quality of fiber flax straw compared to the cultivation technology after the cereal predecessor. The quality of straw improved with the complex use of biological products against the background of mustard by 0.5 sortonomer compared to spring grain crops and by 0.25 sortonomer compared to mustard ( Table 5).
The use of biological products for the treatment of seeds and plants against the background of the green manure aftereffect improved the quality of straw in 2020, by 0.25 sortonomer compared to the background without the use of biological products (Table 6).
Additional costs for the use of green manure and biological products were paid off by additional net income, the level of profitability increased compared to the placement of flax after spring crops by 41.9% for the background of peas with oats and by 29.8% for the background of mustard (Table 7).  The level of profitability with the combined use of biological products against the background of the aftereffect of green manure increased by 11.7% compared to the control without biological products. Treatment of seeds with biological products did not have a significant effect on productivity and economic efficiency (Table 8).

Conclusion
Green manure predecessors had an effective effect and aftereffect on the formation of elements of the structure of the crop in both years of research. The largest increases in straw and seed yield were obtained when flax was placed after green manure predecessors and the complex use of biological products Trichozan, Vitariz, and Bioinsecticide. The straw yield when using biological products was, respectively, by years 104.0 -52.6 c/ha, seeds: 15.5 -5.6 c/ha, the level of profitability increased by 41.9 -11.7%. The total yield of flax products decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 due to an increase in the weediness of crops and a decrease in plant density. The quality of flax straw improved by 0.5 sortonomer when the complex of biological products interacted with the action of green manure and by 0.25 sortonomer when using biological products for treating seeds and plants against the background of green manure aftereffect. The level of profitability of the cultivation of fiber flax with the use of biological products increased by 41.9% against the background of the action of green manure predecessors and by 11.7% against the background of their aftereffect.