The effectiveness of technologies for the cultivation of winter wheat with different levels of biologization in the conditions of the Kursk region

The results of studies on the efficiency of winter wheat cultivation technologies, including fertilization systems with different levels of biologization, are presented. It was found that during the cultivation of winter wheat using intensive technology with a mineral fertilization system, the reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer of the soil were almost equal to the reserves of moisture when cultivated using intensive technology (without fertilization). In variants with the cultivation of winter wheat according to the technology with a 50% level of biologization, the reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer of the soil increased by 0.9 mm, and by a 100% level by 1.6 mm. Higher reserves of nitrate-nitrogen in the 0-40 cm soil layer before sowing winter wheat were noted in variants where it was cultivated using biotechnology with a 100% supply of nutrients from organic fertilizers. A decrease in the level of biologization of the technology to 50% led to a decrease in the reserves of nitrate-nitrogen by 2.5 kg/ha. The highest weediness of winter wheat crops was noted when it was cultivated using technologies with 50 and 100% biologization levels 70.6-92.0 pcs/m2. Compared to the mineral fertilization system, when using organic fertilizers, there is an increase in weediness of winter wheat crops by 5.8-18.1%. The highest yield of winter wheat was obtained by cultivating it using intensive technology 5.98 t/ha. Technologies with 50 and 100% biologization levels ensured the production of 5.87 and 5.41 t/ha, respectively.


Introduction
The intensive path of development of agricultural production adopted and used at present has contributed to a significant increase in the productivity of agriculture -the yield of grain crops of the order of 60-80 c/ha has become common and stable [1,2,3]. The growth of crop production was due to the use of mineral fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, growth regulators, the introduction of new high-yield varieties, a high level of agricultural technology for the cultivation of agricultural crops [4,5].
At the same time, widespread chemicalization caused the appearance of toxic substances and compounds harmful to human health in food products, contributed to the pollution of the environment with nitrates, pesticides, and heavy metals [6,7]. In this regard, an urgent need arose for the development of alternative technologies (biological, ecological) for the cultivation of agricultural crops, ensuring the receipt of ecologically safe crop production. That is, the main and most promising trend in the development of modern agriculture is currently the biologization of agricultural technologies [8,9].
Agroecological requirements of agricultural crops for soil and climatic conditions within a given agroecological group of lands, as well as a certain production and resource potential of a commodity producer, based on the yield that is planned and, accordingly, the quality of production in the system of ecological limitation of technogenesis must be considered with the use of new generation agricultural technologies [10,11].
Based on a rational combination of different levels of biologization and fertilization systems, which ensure high and stable yields with high grain quality, technologies for the cultivation of winter wheat are being developed, which are of great theoretical and practical importance [12,13].
The research aimed to determine the influence of technologies for the cultivation of winter wheat with different levels of biologization on the yield and quality of the grain, reducing labor, energy costs, and fertility of typical chernozem.

Materials and methods
The research was carried out in the stationary experience of the department of technologies for highly productive rational land use based on the Kursk FANTS Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution in 2018-2020. in a crop rotation with the following crop rotation: clover 1 gp -winter wheat -sugar beetspring wheat -peas / oats -winter rye -buckwheatoats -barley + clover.
The efficiency of winter wheat cultivation was studied using technologies with different levels of biologization. The experiment scheme included the following options: 1. Extensive technology (control): plowing by 20-22 cm, without fertilization, pesticide treatment of crops, considering the economic threshold of harmfulness. The need of plants for nutrients is provided at the expense of soil resources; 2. Intensive technology: plowing by 20-22 cm, application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N120P120K120, treatment of crops with pesticides, considering the economic threshold of harmfulness. The need of plants for nutrients is 100% provided by mineral fertilizers; 3 Biotechnology: plowing by 20-22 cm, green fertilizer + manure 60 t/ha + biological products, treatment of crops with pesticides, considering the economic threshold of harmfulness. Due to organic fertilizers, 100% of the need for plants in nutrients is provided; 4. Combined technology: plowing by 20-22 cm, green fertilizer + manure 30 t/ha + N60P60K60 + biological products, treatment of crops with pesticides, considering the economic threshold of harmfulness. Due to mineral fertilizers, 50% of the needs of plants for nutrients are provided, and 50% are provided due to organic fertilizers.
The experiment was repeated 3 times. The location of the plots is systematic, the area of the experimental plot is 100 m2. Winter wheat variety Ermak. Sowing rate: 5 million viable seeds per hectare.
The meteorological conditions during the years of the experiment were typical for the Kursk region. The growing season of winter wheat in 2018 was characterized by cool and humid weather. The average daily temperature in April -July was 0.2°С lower than the long-term average, with the total precipitation being 126.5% of the norm (215 mm). The average daily temperature April -July 2019 and 2020 was 14.2 and 14.9°С with an average long-term temperature of this period equal to 14.2°С, and the amount of precipitation was 197.5-213.6 mm, or 91.9-99.3% of the norm. In 2019, the weather was warm with a lack of precipitation. In general, during the growing season, the heat supply turned out to be higher than the longterm one. Wintering of winter crops took place in satisfactory conditions. The course of wintering was complicated by thaws, which contributed to the weakening of plants and reduced their winter hardiness. In 2020, warm weather with a lack of precipitation was observed. Precipitation throughout the year was unevenly distributed in intensity. A significant deficit of precipitation was noted in August and September. The heat supply of the growing season was sufficient. Good agricultural conditions prevailed for the formation of agricultural crops. Deteriorated in certain periods of development with the appearance of unfavorable agrometeorological phenomena. Winter crops were harvested under favorable weather conditions.
The soil of the experimental site is represented by typical thick heavy loamy chernozem. The content of humus in the arable layer is 6.1%, mobile phosphorus (according to Chirikov) -15.6 mg/100 g of soil, exchangeable potassium (according to Maslova) -11.3 mg/100 g of soil. The reaction of the soil medium is neutral (pH 6.5).
Harvesting and accounting of the winter wheat harvest were carried out by a Sampo-500 combine by direct combining. The harvest was recalculated for 100% purity and 14% grain moisture. In grain samples, the content of wet gluten (GOST 54478-2011), the nature of the grain (GOST 10840-2017), and the mass of 1000 grains (GOST 10842-89) were determined. The experimental data were processed by the method of analysis of variance.

Results and discussion
As a result of the research, it was found that technologies with different levels of biologization in the cultivation of winter wheat have a significant effect on the content of nitrate-nitrogen and available moisture in the soil, weediness of crops, grain quality, and yield.
Observations of the soil moisture regime under winter wheat during the years of the experiment showed that the moisture supply of its crops depended on the meteorological conditions of the year and the fertilization system. Higher reserves of available moisture in the topsoil before sowing winter wheat were noted in 2018 and 2019, which is associated with a higher amount of precipitation in July-August (154.6 and 174.4 mm or 114.5 and 129.2 % of the norm, respectively). In July-August 2020, the amount of precipitation was 73.2 mm or 54.2% of the norm.
The moisture supply of winter wheat in the autumn growing season was significantly influenced by fertilization systems with different levels of biologization. So, during the cultivation of winter wheat using intensive technology with a mineral fertilization system, the reserves of productive moisture in the arable layer of the soil were practically equal to the moisture reserves in the arable layer. In 2018, the reserves of available moisture in the arable layer with intensive technology were the smallest values, compared with other technologies and amounted to 15.0 mm, 0.1 mm were higher than the reserves of moisture with extensive technology. The largest reserves of moisture in the arable layer were observed with biological technology using fertilization systems, manure 60 t/ha with green fertilizers, and a biological product and amounted to 16.8 mm. In 2019, almost the same pattern was observed, but the smallest moisture reserves in the arable layer were observed when using extensive technology, that is, without fertilizers, and amounted to 18.2 mm. The reserves of available moisture slightly increased in the variant of the experiment with intensive technology and amounted to 18.6 mm. The largest reserves of available moisture were observed in the variant with the use of biological technology and amounted to 19.9 mm, the reserves of available moisture were slightly lower in the variant with the combined technology when manure was used in the fertilizer system 30 t/ha, green fertilizer, N60P60K60, and biological product -19.3 mm. In 2020, the available moisture reserves are much less than in previous years, but the trend in the ratio of the available moisture content is the same as in 2019, that is, the minimum content of available moisture reserves was observed with intensive technology and amounted to 8.3 mm, the highest content of available moisture reserves was observed with biological technology and amounted to 9.6 mm.
Consequently, in the topsoil, they were practically equal to the moisture reserves under winter wheat cultivated using extensive technology (without fertilization). In variants with the cultivation of winter wheat according to the technology with a 50% level of biologization (manure 30 t / ha + plowing of green fertilizers + N60P60K60), the reserves of productive moisture in the topsoil increased by 0.9 mm. An increase in the level of biologization to 100% (manure 60 t / ha + plowing of green fertilizer) contributed to an increase in the reserves of productive moisture in the topsoil by 1.6 mm.
Higher reserves of nitrate-nitrogen (106.7 kg/ha) in the 0-40 cm soil layer before sowing winter wheat were noted in variants where it was cultivated using biotechnology with 100% provision of mineral nutrition elements due to organic fertilizers (manure 60 t/ha + green fertilizer + biological product). A decrease in the level of biologization of the winter wheat cultivation technology to 50% led to a decrease in nitrate-nitrogen reserves to 104.2 kg/ha. By the time of the resumption of the spring vegetation of winter wheat, the reserves of nitrate-nitrogen in the 0-40 cm soil layer increased to 118.4-131.5 kg/ha, but the difference between the variants remained. The minimum reserves of nitrate-nitrogen were observed before the harvesting of winter wheat and amounted to 18.8 -19.6 kg/ha, and there was practically no difference in the variants of the experiment and, accordingly, it can be said that when cultivating winter wheat using various technologies, the reserves of nitratenitrogen at the time of harvesting of the crop leveled off.  The application of mineral fertilizers (N120P120K120) had practically no effect on the number of weeds in winter wheat crops (59.8-72.7 pcs/m2) in comparison with the options where no mineral fertilizers were applied (58.1-70.2 pcs/m2). The highest weediness of winter wheat crops in all the years of research was noted during its cultivation according to biotechnology -70.6-92.0 pcs/m2. That is, the use of organic fertilizers (manure 60 t/ha + green fertilizer) contributed to an increase in weediness of winter wheat crops (by 10.8-19.3 pcs/m2), in comparison with the mineral fertilization system ( Table 2). The highest yield of winter wheat in all the years of research (5.98 t/ha) was obtained by cultivating it using intensive technology, in which 100% of the need for nutrients is provided by mineral fertilizers (N60P120K120 for plowing + N30 for feeding in early spring + N30 during exit into the earing tube).  In variants with the cultivation of winter wheat using technology with a 50% level of biologization (manure 30 t/ha + plowing of green fertilizers + N60P60K60 + biological product), the yield of winter wheat was 5.87 t/ha, or 1.92 t/ha higher than with cultivation it uses extensive technology (without fertilization). The efficiency of winter wheat cultivation using biotechnology, in which 100% of the need for nutrients is provided by organic fertilizers (manure 60 t/ha + green fertilizer + biological product) was slightly lower: its yield in this variant was 5.41 t/ha, or 1.46 t/ha higher than in the variant without fertilization (extensive technology). With the cultivation of winter wheat according to the extensive technology, the gluten content in the grain of the cultivated crop was 23.6%. Higher content of wet gluten in winter wheat grain was obtained by cultivating it according to intensive technology with the fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers -26.9% (in the control variant, the content of wet gluten was 23.6%). The combined technology of winter wheat cultivation, in which 50% of the need for nutrients is provided by mineral fertilizers, and 50% by organic fertilizers, contributed to an increase in the content of crude gluten in winter wheat grain by 2.9%. With the cultivation of winter wheat using biotechnology with 100% supply of plants with mineral nutrition elements due to organic fertilizers, the content of crude gluten in the grain was 25.9%, or 2.3% higher, in comparison with its cultivation using extensive technology (without fertilization). Analyzing Table 3, we can conclude that when using intensive technology, in which the need for nutrients is satisfied by 100% due to mineral fertilizers, the highest yield of winter wheat (5.98 t/ha) was obtained and in the grain of the crop the gluten content exceeds, by compared to other technologies. The yield with the combined technology decreases slightly -by 0.11 t/ha, the quality of gluten is lower by 0.4%.

Conclusion
As a result of the research, it was found that the efficiency of cultivation of winter wheat using technology, with a 50% level of biologization, including an organomineral fertilization system, was practically equal to the efficiency of cultivation using intensive technology with a high level of material costs, and 100% of the provision of plant needs. in food elements due to mineral fertilizers. The cultivation of winter wheat using biotechnology with a 100% supply of plant requirements for nutrients due to organic fertilizers, although it led to a decrease in the productivity of winter wheat by 9.6%, however, contributed to a decrease in anthropogenic load on the soil and the production of environmentally safe products.