Effective use of innovative technologies in mixed sowing of annual crops

It is impossible to organize proper feeding of farm animals without a detailed study of the composition of the nutritional content of feed. Legume-grass mixtures occupy one of main places in solving the problem of high-quality feed production. Since mixed crops of legumes and cereals retain high fodder quality of green mass due to high protein content in legumes. To meet the need for a high-quality feed base, it is necessary to look for ways to increase the yield of fodder crops. The use of innovative technologies is one of the components of modern crop production. The aim of the study was to study the methods of seed treatment in conjunction with the technology of mixed crops; it allows obtaining a green mass with the desired productive properties. Thus, the article presents the materials of a field study on the development of a highly productive green feed. The results of the study of combined and mixed crops on the nutritional value and productivity of annual forages of peas, millet, and barley using pre-sowing seed treatment with ultrafine particles of SiO2; MoO2; Fe3O4 and growth regulators AgroVerm and RibavExtra were obtained. As a result of the experiment, it was shown that the use of pre-sowing treatment of seeds with ultradispersed SiO2 particles in combined crops showed the maximum leaf surface area of 85.5 thousand m2/ha. By the time of harvesting, the safety of plants on variants with the use of SiO2; Fe3O4; MoO2 was 88.4%; 87.5%; 86.5% respectively. According to the collection of digestible protein, variant with the use of ultrafine particles SiO2 was 20% in both sowing methods. Low protein content was 16.1%; 16.4% in the control variants respectively. According to the content of feed units in 1 kg of dry matter, SiO2 variants prevail with 0.91. Thus, the research is the basis for possible studying of combined and mixed crops with the use of pre-sowing seed treatment with ultrafine particles. It allows obtaining high-quality feed.


Introduction
To increase the production of high-quality complete feed, multi-species crops play the main role. The main source of high-quality green forage is the annual sowing of leguminous crops. We obtain different and the cheapest fodder from them. Sowing with a mixture of leguminous crops provides more stable yields, since the decrease in the yield of one crop compensates in another.
With the development of nanotechnology, science and technology are connected with a wide variety of areas of human activity. With the extensive development of innovative technologies, nanometals acquire new properties and biological effects that were not inherent in them, penetrate into cell and nucleus, increase bioavailability. [1]. In addition, the unique properties of ultrafine particles and their use in scientific and technical field have recently enriched this area of research. [2]. The development of agricultural production is an excellent task in agriculture with a minimum use of agrochemicals taking into account the conditions of growth and plant protection.
Ultrafine particles of iron oxide influence on growth and content of chlorophyll in corn plants [3]. Pretreating seeds with ZnO can alter the nutrient content of seeds; it affects plant growth, yield and quality. [4] In addition, ultrafine particles of copper and zinc helped to increase the resistance of two wheat varieties at the seedling stage by stabilizing photosynthetic pigments, thereby increasing the water content in the leaves. [5] To some extent, high or low concentrations of ultrafine particles have opposite functions in plant development, they can inhibit or stimulate the plant. [6].

Study objective
Thus, the use of pre-sowing seed treatment in conjunction with the technology of mixed crops will allow to obtain green mass with the desired properties and productivity.

Materials and methods
Field test research was carried out in 2020 in the central zone of Orenburg region in village Nezhinka. The experiment studied the sowing of mixtures of annual forages (peas "Yamal" + barley "Natali" + millet "Orenburgskoe 27" in a ratio of 1: 2: 1) with combined and mixed sowing. The experiments were made in 4 repetitions, the site was randomized, the rigistered plot area was 1 m 2 . In combined sowing, crops were in alternating rows or stripes. Before sowing, seeds were not mixed, but were sown separately with a row spacing of 15 cm. The following seed treatments were studied: SiO2 UFPs with a size of 30.7 ± 0.3 nm and a ζpotential of 27 ± 0.12 mV, MoO2 NPs (100-120 nm) produced by Plasmoterm (Russia, Moscow, http://plasmotherm.ru), Fe3O4 NPs (80-100 nm, ζ-potential 20 ± 0.14 mV), purchased from Advanced Powder Technologies (Tomsk, Russia, www.nanosizedpowders.com). Microfertilizer consumption was 100 g/ton. In the experiment, we used preparations based on biohumus AgroVerm ("Biokenetics" http://rusgumus.ru/) at a dose of 1 l per 1 ton; Ribav Extra (https://www.agroxxi.ru/goshandbook/prep/ribav-ekstra-p-2.html) at a dose of 10 ml per 1 t. The seeds of the mixture components were sown in rows with premixed seeds. The components are mixed at the moment of treatment with ultrafine particles of SiO2 with a size of 30.7 ± 0.3 nm, MoO2 NPs (100-120 nm), Fe3O4 NPs (80-100 nm, ζpotential 20 ± 0.14 mV). Concerning mixed seeds, the sowing rate is calculated for each component separately. Laboratory analysis was performed in 4 repetitions. Statistical processing of data was carried out in an Excel program. The data obtained are presented as arithmetic mean values for each option.

Results and discussion
The main condition for the formation of highly productive agrophytocenoses is the creation of an optimal plant density. It has a significant effect on growth processes, plant height, and yield structure [8]. The emergence of seedlings was registered 8-11 days after sowing. More even shoots were observed when ultrafine particles of SiO2 and MoO2 were used 8-9 days after sowing, the condition for the formation of high fodder productivity is the formation of optimal plant density, it has a significant effect on growth processes, plant height and weight, crop structure, timing of the phases growth. Pretreatment of seeds with ultrafine particles and growth regulators promoted an increase in the number of preserved plants by the time of harvest as compared to the control. Plant safety using SiO2; Fe3O4; MoO2 was 88.4%; 87.5%; 86.5% respectively.   Leaf area is one of main factors in increasing the yield of green mass. The maximum leaf area was observed in combined crops in the SiO2 variant -85.5 thousand m2/ha, and with mixed sowing the highest value was shown in the SiO2 variants 79.8 thousand m2 / ha and MoO2 -78 thousand m2 / ha. Leaf area in the control variant of mixed sowing was minimal and amounted to 54.7 thousand m2 / ha.
Quality and nutritional characteristics of green fodder cannot be expressed by one factor. Such an assessment consists of the following indicators: mineral nutritional value, digestibility of nutrients, energy nutritional value, etc. It was established that the maximum yield of green mass at combined sowing was shown by the SiO2 variant -24.8 t / ha, and by the yield of dry matter Fe3O4 -5.1 t / ha. In mixed crops, the maximum value of the green mass yield is also registered in SiO2 variant -20.3 t / ha, and the highest dry matter content is noted in Fe3O4 variants; SiO2 and equals to 5.1 t / ha. The variant with the use of ultrafine particles SiO2had 20% more digestible protein in both sowing methods, low protein content is registered in the control variants 16.1%; 16.4% respectively. According to the content of feed units per 1 kg of dry matter, SiO2 variants with 0.91 prevail.
The main task for fodder production is to increase yields and improve the structure of sown areas by expanding multi-species sowing of protein crops with high-energy nutritional value and their mixture with cereals. It is better to cultivate peas in a mixture with cereals such as barley and millet, since they are located according to the vegetative structure and the location of the root system, thereby maximizing the use of soil fertility and environmental factors. [8] It has been established that the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with ultrafine particles affects the nutritional value of feed, as well as the productivity of crops. Previously, the effect of ultradispersed Fe3O4 particles on wheat plants was shown; with their use, an increase in seed germination and leaf length was observed. [7] It was established that leaf area in combined sowing was at the highest level, and the largest area was observed with the use of ultrafine particles of SiO2 -85.5 thousand m2/ha. The cultivation of mixed and combined sowings of annual forages allows consistently obtaining the maximum yield of green mass with combined sowing, the SiO2 option is 24.8 t / ha, and the dry matter yield Fe3O4 is 5.1 t / ha. In mixed crops, the maximum value of green mass yield was also recorded in SiO2 variant -20.3 t / ha. The use of ultrafine particles of SiO2 was registered to collect the digested protein in both sowing methods, it equals to 20% in the variant, the low protein content was registered in the control variants, 16.1%; 16.4%. According to the content of feed units per 1 kg of dry matter, variants with SiO2 -0.91 prevail. In the conducted experiment, it was shown that the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with ultrafine particles had a stimulating effect on growth processes of peas, millet, barley, stimulating the germination energy and germination of seeds, productivity and the nutritional value of green forage.