Anti-erosion reclamation and its economic efficiency

. One of the most acute problems of agriculture in some regions of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Tatarstan at present is a progressive degradation of the soil cover. Every year the scale of water erosion increases, causing huge damage not only to agriculture but also to large and small rivers of the region. In this regard, there is a need to analyze the impact of soil erosion on the efficiency of agricultural production and the development of science-based anti-erosion measures to combat soil erosion in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of the carried out research testify that ecological efficiency of one anti-erosion construction in complex with soil protection measures protects on the average 120 ha of lands from further development of erosion processes, economically pays back by the results of two years of economic activity on the protected lands. The practical significance of the research results lies in the fact that they can not only contribute to the development of the agro-industrial complex and other sectors of the economy, provide an increase in soil fertility, a dynamic increase in agricultural production, reduction of retirement of agricultural land and the creation of new jobs. They also ensure the conservation and restoration of water resources.


Introduction
The efficiency of the agro-industrial complex depends on not only the entrepreneurial activity and the ability of the subjects that manage the land, but also on the state of the factors of agricultural production. Land was, is, and will be the main wealth of any country in the world, so the creation of an effective, economical land use by its importance and relevance should be one of the leading places in the political and socio-economic life of the Russian Federation, including the Republic of Tatarstan [1,2].
Unfortunately, the productivity and the ability of soils to self-repair in recent years have decreased significantly. Alienation of nutrients with crops, degumification and erosion of soils, pollution and littering of lands, increasing anthropogenic load, high plowing of agricultural lands, lead to the destruction of natural landscapes and ecosystems [3][4][5][6].
Timely erosion control measures increase erosion resistance and soil absorption capacity, evenly moisten the soil, reduce the volume and intensity of runoff and soil washout on sloping lands, prevent the concentration of runoff on arable land, contribute to safe discharge of excessive volumes of melt and rainwater, reduce the process of soil washout to environmentally acceptable values [7][8][9][10][11][12].
Counter-erosion measures are accepted to be divided into the following groups depending on the nature of the impact and purpose of agronomic techniques: 1. The first group includes agrotechnical methods, which improve water and physical properties of soil, increase water permeability of soil, deepen arable layer, create a fertile soil layer on natural undisturbed areas; 2. The second group includes agrotechnical methods, which promote surface water retention. These methods include transversal and contour plowing of furrow, trenching, intermittent furrowing, diking, micro-limans; The third group includes agrotechnical methods, which provide a high level of anti-erosion stability of soil. These methods assume surface tillage, flat-tillage, mulching of the surface soil layer.
4. The fourth group includes agrotechnical methods, which regulate snow deposition and snow melting. These methods imply snow retention, strip exposing of  [21,22]. Counter-erosion and cultural technical works in combination with agrochemical measures, irrigation and drainage melioration, are one of the important factors in ensuring high efficiency of agricultural production, as well as the reproduction of soil fertility [23,24].
In order to increase the economic efficiency of land reclamation, one should: increase the level of meliorative land use in agricultural production; ensure targeted financing of land reclamation works; strengthen the ecologization of land reclamation activities [25-28]. The effective implementation of these measures will ensure the growth of agricultural production and increase the sustainability of agricultural industries.

Materials and methods
The conducted research is built on the theoretical and methodological basis, allowing using possibilities of interaction and complementarity of fundamental provisions and concepts of reclamation science. The methodological basis of the research is the system analysis, within which the following approaches are applied: constructive, deterministic, retrospective, statistical. During the study, the following methods were used: monographic, abstract-logical, computational-constructive, economic-statistical methods.
The information base of the study was the official data of the Federal State Statistics Service, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Federal State Institution "Management of Tatmeliovodkhoz", planning and reporting documents of agricultural organizations, data obtained in the course of the author's analysis and calculations.

Results and discussion
Under the influence of natural-climatic and anthropogenic factors, the scale of water erosion increases every year, causing huge damage not only to agriculture, but also to large and small rivers (ecology) of the region. The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is characterized by a large partitioning, which is the basis of soil erosion. Such factor as high degree of ploughed farmland (76,6%) with low afforestation of arable land (3,3%, with optimal values of 4,7-7%) contributes to soil erosion development.
Studies of the dynamics of changes in the qualitative indicators of land have revealed a clear trend of declining soil fertility and deterioration of the overall environmental situation in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Tatarstan.
A scale of water erosion, progressive degradation of soil cover and damage caused by erosion processes for agriculture of the republic has reached impressive proportions. So in the Republic of Tatarstan there are more than 21 thousand active ravines, their total length exceeds 29 thousand kilometers. As a result of erosion of fertile soil layer more than one thousand hectares of agricultural land is annually withdrawn from the turnover.
In comparison with 1960 only because of soil erosion the area of arable land has decreased by 247.5 thousand hectares, which is equal to the territory of three districts of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The area of agricultural lands subject to water erosion has increased by 925 thousand ha, the number of active gully tops -by 7450 pieces, they occupy an area of 114 thousand hectares.
The area of arable land, which requires anti-erosion measures, has more than doubled in the last 40 years and reached 2 million hectares. Melt water and storm water washes away on average 22 tons of fertile soil per hectare per year. Losses of humus for this reason in the country as a whole amount to 700 thousand tons annually, which is equivalent to the introduction of 10 million tons of organic fertilizers. In other words, almost half of the applied mineral fertilizers are spent to cover losses from washing away.
The area of erosion-prone agricultural lands is 2263.2 thousand hectares, of which 1390 thousand hectares of arable lands are exposed to water erosion processes -42%, including 6.7 thousand hectares of high degree, 254 thousand hectares of medium degree and 1129 thousand hectares of low degree. There are 21 thousand gullies with a total length of more than 29 thousand km, of which more than 21 thousand km fall to the water area of the Volga River.
Construction of anti-erosion reclamation structures plays a positive role in erosion processes reduction, part of which, in turn, are the source of water for irrigated lands.
In the Republic of Tatarstan, in different years, more than 880 anti-erosion and reclamation hydraulic structures (dams) were built and commissioned with total volume of more than 360 million m 3 (useful volume -283,6 million m 3 ). The main part of the above mentioned hydraulic structures was built according to the approved design and estimate documentation with account of water storage volume: up to 500 thousand m 3 -395 structures; up to 1 million m 3 -166 structures; over 1 million m 3 -78 structures. Tatarstan ranks first among the regions of the Volga Federal District by the total area of lakes and reservoirs. In addition to ameliorative purposes and watering of territories, they serve as a reliable means designed to improve the ecological situation in the Volga Basin by reducing by at least 80% the volume of diffusion runoff caused by erosion processes on sloping lands of agricultural purposes.
According to the data of state statistics bodies, since 1968, 1681 water bodies have disappeared on the territory of the republic due to natural and anthropogenic reasons, including silting. Ponds and lakes constructed by damming of ravines, located on agricultural lands, subjected to erosion washout, are exposed to the most active silting. Their siltation rate reaches 10-50 mm per year, which is significantly higher than the average sedimentation rate typical of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
Since 2013, within the framework of implementation of the long-term Republican Target Program on Capital Repair of Hydraulic Engineering Structures, more than 450 ponds out of 887 existing structures (Fig. 1) have been brought into the normative technical condition. They accumulate more than 150 million m 3 of water, it also allows saving agricultural lands from water erosion impact on the area of 44,7 thousand ha. By carrying out repair and rehabilitation works, the technical reliability and stability of hydraulic structures were improved, the threat of emergency situations at dams during the spring flood water passage through the hydraulic structures was reduced, and the protection of the population and objects falling into the zone of possible flooding was ensured.
The efficiency of erosion control measures is an aggregated assessment of the environmental and economic damage prevented as a result of the implementation of environmental erosion control measures. Ecological efficiency (prevented ecological damage) is determined depending on the degree of reduction of intensity of the above negative processes as a result of implementation of anti-erosion measures. Ecological efficiency of measures is determined as follows: 1) one erosion control structure in conjunction with soil conservation measures protects an average of 120 hectares of land from further development of erosive processes; 2) the cost of the complex of anti-erosion measures, including anti-erosion pond -2.5 mln. rubles; 3) the cost of production from 120 ha with yields of 30 centners of grain from 1 ha is 120 ha x 30 centners x 1500 rubles/c = 5.4 mln. rubles per year; 4) the payback period of two years.
One of the effective methods of reducing erosion processes is agroforestry. As part of the implementation of targeted programs for the development of reclamation in the republic, agroforestry and reclamation works are carried out, more than 2.5 thousand hectares of protective strips are planted annually. In 2016-2021, work was carried out on the area of about 11 thousand hectares at a cost of more than 800 million rubles (about 150-160 million rubles per year).
Land reclamation programs implemented in the Republic of Tatarstan in 2018-2020 received the financial support from the state (Table 1).   As we can see from Table 1, despite the fact that the volume of financing of reclamation works in the period from 2018 to 2020 decreased by 4.3%, we can observe the increase of state aid for construction, reconstruction and overhaul of irrigated and drained lands by 12.7%, as well as significant increase by 24% in financing of anti-erosion and field forest plantation works in 2019 compared to 2018.
At the same time, in the Republic of Tatarstan there is an objective need to continue rehabilitation work on hydraulic structures, as in many structures there are still risks of emergencies caused by dam failure and flooding of nearby areas. In addition, the use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers is a serious pollutant of the environment, including rivers. In the republic, about 2 thousand tons of pesticides and more than 190 thousand tons of mineral fertilizers in active substance are used annually on agricultural lands. In addition to preventing siltation of rivers, erosion control structures retard runoff of chemicals and pesticides used in agricultural formations.
Thus, according to the results of joint inventory, carried out by the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Tatarstan and specialists of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan and «Tatmelioration» company as of 01.01.2021, 160 additional hydraulic structures require repair work. According to expert estimates, more than 840 million rubles in current prices are required to bring them to the normal condition. The fact of siltation of many reservoirs and development in connection with this the processes of degradation of the water body, which causes the necessity of their cleaning from bottom sediments also raises concern.
The conducted studies indicate that low fertile lands of the Predkamskaya zone, most prone to erosion, can be protected by proper selection and cultivation of legume-grass perennial grasses on a large scale.
In this case it is possible to stop the development of erosion processes, radical improvement of fertility and structure of gray-forest, light gray, sod-podzolic, dark gray soils of the analyzed region. This method of combating the manifestations of soil erosion is less costly and affordable for a wide range of agricultural formations, and contributes to reducing the negative impact of drought on the performance of economic activity of agricultural organizations. For example, the sowing of polygonum ryegrass with perennial legumes is the best way to reduce the negative effects of moisture deficit, because the tap root system of alfalfa, goat-grass and meadow clover takes water from such deep soil layers, which are completely inaccessible to polygonum ryegrass. Legumes also start growing earlier in spring and give shade to cereal perennial grasses in the first cut, which increases the economic efficiency of agricultural production in both crop and livestock production. This method practically does not require large amounts of public investment. It is enough for agricultural formations to scientifically groundedly form their crop rotations widely including legume-grass perennial grasses.
At the present stage of development agrarian production of the Russian Federation is being modernized and transformed on the basis of consistent implementation of measures related to its digitalization. At all stages of production and financial activities of agricultural enterprises, innovative technological solutions are developed and applied, aimed at increasing productivity and production of competitive products. In particular, sensors, robotics, chipping, and others are actively used in the process of economic operations. Smart field technologies used in agricultural production, integrated with data management tools, contribute to efficient land management. The result is an agro-ecosystem that is highly adaptable to permanently changing economic conditions. This fact undoubtedly contributes to the reduction of food security risks in the country. In addition, the active introduction of digital technologies into the activities of agricultural producers enhances stakeholders' access to information about the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, for example, about the products produced, works performed, services rendered, pricing, investment, supply and marketing policy and other similar information. At the same time, digitalization of land reclamation activities has certain features, which are due to the specifics of agricultural production (seasonality of works performed, climatic risks, biological processes) and the nature of agricultural activities.
For the consistent modernization and transformation of agricultural production, the widespread implementation of measures related to this digitalization is necessary: at all stages of agricultural production innovative technologies are developed and applied, which ensure the effectiveness of financial and economic activities; the system of state regulation of agricultural production based on the formation of a unified information space is improved to make effective management decisions. Digital agricultural land use is based on scientifically grounded, rational planning, economic-technological and information forecasting, effective management and legal support. In this regard, there is a need for a comprehensive solution to problems of a fundamental and applied nature and consisting in the development of methodological support for the management of agricultural production, including land use.
The factors influencing the efficiency of agricultural land tenure and land use can include: macroeconomic factors, including the forecasting of socio-economic development of both the individual region and the country as a whole; introduction of innovative mechanisms which allow evaluating management decisions; application of modern digital technologies, automation and robotics for characterizing agro-ecological and soil peculiarities of the lands being introduced into agricultural turnover formation and timely updating of the database on the state of agricultural land by means of digital land management; development of accounting and monitoring of the effective use and protection of agricultural land, taking into account the existing agro-potential of land use and existing risks arising in the process of land management; development of legislative and regulatory provisions governing the use of agricultural land; digitalization of design and survey works, business planning, documentary support, controlling, online consulting in land management system; improving the system of training and professional development in the field of agricultural land management and land use, taking into account the development of modern information technologies. Digitalization of land reclamation activities is more related to the development of information technology, which allows solving a wide range of management tasks to improve the efficiency of agricultural production (Fig. 2). Digitalization of land reclamation activity will allow implementing qualitatively new approaches aimed at increasing the efficiency of interaction between the subjects of the land reclamation sphere.

Conclusions
Thus, in the course of the study it was established that the efficiency of functioning of the agro-industrial complex depends on not only the entrepreneurial activity and the ability of subjects managing the land, but also on the state of agricultural production factors, which include land resources. To maintain the productivity and the ability of soils to self-repair, it is necessary to carry out timely anti-erosion measures. These measures are aimed at increasing anti-erosion stability and absorption capacity of soils, uniform moistening of soils, reducing the volume and intensity of runoff and soil washout on sloping lands, Technologies for remote monitoring of the functioning of reclamation systems and the quality of crops grown on reclaimed lands Technologies allowing for differentiated application of fertilizers, protection means, ameliorants Technologies allowing one to regulate water, thermal, nutrient and other regimes in order to optimize the reclamation regime of agroecosystems Technologies to eliminate the negative impact of reclamation activities on the environment Technologies for precise control of irrigation and fertilizer application during irrigation Technologies used in planning activities related to the technical operation of the ameliorative water management complex Technologies used in modeling the productivity of reclaimed agroecosystems Technologies of digital mapping of reclaimed fields, reclamation systems

Information technologies used in the process of digitalization of land reclamation activities
BIO Web of Conferences https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20225200022 00 52, 0 FIES 2022 22 (2022) preventing the concentration of runoff on the arable land, reducing the process of soil washout to environmentally acceptable values. In the course of the conducted research, the tendencies of soil erosion development at the regional level were revealed and the necessary first-priority anti-erosion measures in agriculture of the Republic of Tatarstan were substantiated. The results of the analysis of the level of land degradation in the Republic of Tatarstan are given in the work, the priority directions of combating erosion phenomena in agriculture are determined. The measures to combat soil erosion are experimentally substantiated.