Analysis of the Suitability and Carrying Capacity of Marine and Coastal Tourism on Tunda Island, Banten Province

. Tourism suitability serves as a critical indicator for assessing the feasibility of optimal tourism development within specific coastal environments, considering different tourism categories. This research focuses on Tunda Island, renowned for its picturesque seascapes, diverse biota, and pristine white sand beaches. The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the suitability and carrying capacity of marine tourism activities on Tunda Island.Data collection encompassed both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected through on-site field observations conducted in 2023, involving direct measurements and assessments. Secondary data was derived from research conducted in 2019. The research findings revealed varying levels of suitability within different tourism categories. In the beach recreation category, tourism suitability index values exceeding 2.0 classified the areas as S2 (suitable). The determined carrying capacity for this category stands at 45 people per day. For snorkeling and diving tourism, only one out of six observation stations, specifically station 4, achieved an S2 category classification with suitability indices of 2.03 and 2.18 for snorkeling and diving, respectively. The carrying capacity for snorkeling and diving tourism in this area is estimated to be 3881 individuals per day. Conversely, the seagrass and mangrove categories yielded unsatisfactory results, as the suitability index values fell below 2.0.


Introduction
Tourism is a sector that has the potential to be developed because Indonesia has a beautiful natural beauty and can be developed as a tourist attraction.One type of tourism that is currently in great demand by domestic and foreign tourists is marine tourism.Indonesia is a maritime country with beautiful seas and coasts for marine tourism [1].Tourism has become a trend in several levels of society and has even been considered a necessity.This phenomenon can grow tourists' interest in carrying out tourism activities.
Tourism is one of the development sectors that can spur economic growth in a region and is considered a strategic asset to encourage development in areas with potential tourist attractions.It is because tourism has three aspects of influence: the economic aspect (source of foreign exchange, taxes), the social aspect (creation of jobs), and the cultural aspect.The Sustainable Tourism Charter (1995) emphasizes that tourism must be based on sustainable criteria, the essence of which is that development must be ecologically supported in the long term and economically feasible, ethically and socially fair to the community as part of sustainable development, it must also be based on the principles -global principles of sustainable development.
The significant demand for marine tourism can have an impact on accelerating equitable economic development and increasing people's income.Apart from that, there is a negative impact on environmental damage and coastal ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities around the coast.Therefore, it is necessary to have optimal management so that it has a positive impact on accelerating equitable economic development and increasing people's income.Apart from having a positive impact on economic development, well-organized tourism management also impacts on maintaining sustainability and the integrity of the existing environment so that damage does not occur, especially in coastal areas that are very vulnerable to ecosystem changes [2].
Tourism suitability is an index of the suitability of a coastal environment for more optimal tourism development based on tourism categories, at the same time regional carrying capacity is a determinant of the carrying capacity of an area.The concept of sustainable tourism emerged and developed because conventional tourism tends to threaten the sustainability of tourism resources themselves: quite a few exclusive resorts were built, ignoring the local physical and social carrying capacity.If this continues, tourism itself will not be able to develop.Every year there is an increase in the number of tourists who come to visit tourist destinations in Indonesia, one of which is the Thousand Islands.Apart from that, domestic tourism is also growing beyond tourism a decade ago [3].With Indonesia's enormous tourism potential, this will certainly attract more and more tourists visiting these tourist destinations.
Tunda Island is one of the islands owned by Banten province which is located in the north of Banten Bay.Tunda Island is included in the administrative area of Wargasara Village, Tirtayasa District, Serang Regency, Banten Province.With an island area of around 300 hectares.The beautiful waters of Tunda Island have the potential to be developed into marine tourism.Several marine tourism attractions on Tunda Island be offered, including beach tourism, snorkeling tourism, and diving tourism.The development of sustainable marine tourism requires a study of tourism's sustainability and the area's carrying capacity to preseve the marine and coastal environment on Tunda Island.Tourism suitability is a determinant of the suitability of a coastal environment for more optimal tourism development based on tourism categories.Meanwhile, regional carrying capacity determines the carrying capacity of an area.Therefore, this research aims to analyze the suitability and carrying capacity of Tunda Island tourism, Banten Province.

Method of collecting data
The data collection method uses a purposive sampling method.The locations chosen are locations that have marine tourism potential that can be developed.The data collected is in the form of primary and secondary data.

Tourism suitability
Data were analyzed using a marine tourism suitability matrix developed by [4].The matrix includes parameters for the suitability of beach recreation tourism, the suitability of snorkeling tourism, diving tourism, mangrove tourism, the suitability of seagrass tourism, the suitability of diving tourism.

Carrying Capacity Analysis
The carrying capacity of an area is the number of visitors that can be accommodated in a tourist area with the availability of time without causing disruption.Analysis of the area's carrying capacity by referring to [4]: includes the ecological potential of visitors and the size of the activity area, prediction of the time needed for each tourism activity.The equation used to calculate the area's carrying capacity: Information : DDK : Area Carrying Capacity (People/day) K : Ecological potential of visitors per unit area Lp : Area or length of area that can be utilized Lt :Unit area for a particular category Wt :Time provided by the area for tourist activities in one day Wp :Time spent by visitors for each particular activity

Beach recreation category
Coastal and marine areas have attractive tourist attractions for beach tourism [5].The assessment of the suitability of marine tourism uses several parameters, like beach type, beach width, water bottom material, depth, water brightness, current speed, slope, beach land cover, dangerous biota, and distance to freshwater availability.The results of the assessment of the suitability of beach recreation tourism on Tunda Island from 3 observation stations can be seen in Table 3. 7 The research results found that the suitability index value (IKW) for beach recreation tourism on Tunda Island was 2.185-2.42with the S2 (Suitable) category.The IKW value was obtained because several parameters had low scores, such as beach width, which had a significant weight but received a minor score.It is because the average width of the beach on Tunda Island is between 6-8 m.Another researcher's study stated that the ideal beach width for a beach tourism area is >15m wide [4].Apart from that, other parameters such as basic materials, coastal land cover, and dangerous biota have small scores.Tunda island has potential beach tourism because it has white sand beaches, shallow depths, and bright waters.It can be developed to become an alternative source of livelihood for residents.As stated by several researchers, beach tourism activities provide a spillover effect and can encourage local economic growth, namely job creation, income growth, and infrastructure development [6] [7].

Snorkeling Category
Diving, snorkeling, and swimming are marine tourism activities that directly use coral reefs as objects.One of the tourism activities that attracts tourists besides diving is snorkeling.Snorkeling activities are generally carried out above the surface to see and be curious about the beauty of coral reefs [8].
The suitability of snorkeling tourism uses 7 parameters to assess the suitability of snorkeling tourism on Tunda Island.The analysis of the suitability of snorkeling tourism at six observation stations found that only 1 station had an appropriate value, only at station 4 with a value of 2.03.It is because coral cover is an essential indicator for assessing the suitability of snorkeling tourism, where this parameter has the highest weight at station two compared to other stations.As stated by other experts, the higher the value of coral community cover, the higher the level of health of local coral reefs, which can ensure the sustainability of the coral reef ecosystem in a particular body of water and make it an attractive location for snorkeling [9].Snorkeling tourism is one of the tourist activities that is vulnerable to damage to reefs if not carried out properly [10] [11] [12].However, several other experts state that snorkeling tourism has a low environment impact because it can be done without direct contact with the reef [13].Apart from that, tourist behavior in tourism activities in coral reef areas is destructive.Many tourists also know the impacts and try to avoid coral damage [12].

Suitability of diving tourism
Diving tourism is one part of marine tourism that has risks regarding the safety and comfort of tourists.Diving tourism is also a type of natural tourism that is very popular among tourists today and can bring economic success to diving tourism areas.However, there is also a risk of environmental damage, such as damage and pollution to coral reefs.The protection of diving tourism destination areas is a joint responsibility between divers, diving tourism providers, and the community in diving tourism destination areas.
Based on the observation results, it was found that the suitability index for diving category tourism showed that only 1 station had a suitable IKW, namely station 4. It was because station four had a large score on 2 essential parameters, namely the parameters of coral community cover, coral fish, and water brightness.These parameters have a significant weight, which means the parameters influence diving tourism.Station 4 has a coral cover value of 50.12%, which is included in S2 (suitable) for diving tourism and has water clarity of 100%.
It is supported by [14] that the most influence on increasing visitor satisfaction is the type of coral fish, coral size, and the number of coral types.However, this dive location must be managed and maintained well by managers and divers so as not to damage the existing coral reefs.It is supported by the statement of [14] that diving activities have a significant impact on that are diving areas, where hard coral and soft coral cover have decreased.Many broken corals and dead coral are found.Another researcher who compared diving and non-diving locations in Maratua showed that the marine tourism activities currently taking place on Maratua Island had no effect on the coral reefs' condition if good area management is carried [15].So, there is a need for better management of diving activities in dive spots to reduce the negative impact of diving activities.

Suitability of Mangrove Tourism
Mangroves are a tropical coastal variety, dominated by several species of mangrove trees, whose lives are strongly influenced by tides and salinity [16][17].The mangrove ecosystem is a transitional ecosystem between land and sea which has a huge role and function, one of which is being a tourist attraction [18][19].This form of management and development of ecotourism objects in mangrove areas has been carried out in several areas and is a management strategy for coastal natural resources in supporting community empowerment as an effort to conserve the area in real terms together with the community [21].
The suitability of mangrove tourism on Tunda Island is assessed using the parameters of mangrove thickness, mangrove density, mangrove type, tides, and associated biota.The potential development of mangrove ecosystems can play a direct role in coastal ecosystems [22].The mangrove ecosystem has an ecotourism attraction and synergizes with forest ecosystem conservation measures, this is in line with changes in the trend of interest and motivation for tourist visits from mass tourism to ecotourism, namely tourist trips that include elements of education and conservation [20] [23] [24].

1, 34
The results of observations and analysis of mangrove tourism suitability data showed that the IKW values at 9 observation stations were included in S3 (unsuitable) with IKW values ranging from 1.19 -1.59.The IKW values for mangrove tourism on Tunda Island are >1 and <2.0 so it is included in the S3 category and is unsuitable, this is because the scores for each parameter are small.As with the parameter which has a significant weight, mangrove thickness, 9 observation stations only have a thickness ranging from 52.80-121.57(m) with a score of 1, even though the mangrove thickness parameter has a large weight and influences on mangrove tourism.Furthermore, the mangrove density also has a score of 1 because the mangrove density is only around 4-12 (Ind/m2).This density refers to the ecosystem's carrying capacity and habitat comfort [4].All observation statistics for the suitability of mangrove tourism show values that are not suitable, so the factors that make it unsuitable need to be increased, such as density and thickness.Itis also reinforced by the results of other researchers who state that efforts to increase the suitability index of mangrove areas as ecotourism attractions can be carried out through rehabilitation and improving the quality of natural resources, public awareness, and condition of mangroves so that the environmental attractiveness and ecological function of mangrove areas can be improved [25][26].

Suitability of Seagrass Tourism
The seagrass ecosystem is one of the most productive and vital ecosystems.Seagrass ecosystems are ecology for marine biota, fishery production, and tourism.One of the roles of the seagrass ecosystem as marine tourism on Tunda Island needs to be studied using the seagrass tourism suitability index.The suitability of seagrass tourism is assessed using Yulianda's (2019) metrics.The parameters used are cover, seagrass type, fish type, water brightness, substrate type, current speed, and seagrass depth.The seagrass tourism suitability index on Tunda Island can be seen in Table 13.Based on the results,, the tourism suitability index of seagrass value at 8 observation area ranged between 1.41 to 1.96.The IKW values for these 8 observation stations are included in the S3 category (unsuitable).It is because the parameter with the highest weight and the parameter that influences tourism suitability is cover (%) 8 stations have a score of 0. The cover at these 8 tourism stations is 15.53-25% with a score of 0 falling into the S3 category (no in accordance ).Therefore, it is necessary to manage seagrass ecosystems related to improving cover conditions and reducing pressure.It is in line with the results of studies by other researchers which state that seagrass tourism has several weaknesses, one of which is the potential for seagrass damage due to being stepped on by tourists.Hence management efforts need to be made to minimize damage by designing wise strategies [27].

Regional Carrying Capacity Analysis (DDK)
Tunda Island has an island area of ±300 Ha. with a beach area on Tunda Island of 13,911, it has a coral reef area of 970,197 m² and has a mangrove and seagrass area of 378.6 m².Carrying capacity is used to determine the capacity of a tourist area to accommodate visitors at one time which will provide comfort and keep the environment protected [28][29].The concept of carrying capacity is categorized into three typologies, were : (1) physical carrying capacity, which is related to adequate accommodation; (2) ecological carrying capacity, is the maximum limit that does not result in a decrease in ecological function; (3) social carrying capacity, is the maximum limit of tourist activities which causes a decrease in tourist satisfaction with a destination tourist attraction [30].Estimating of physical carrying capacity should be used as a starting point for assessing the carrying capacity of sustainable tourism.
The results of the analysis of carrying capacity on Tunda Island based on the beach recreation category, were 44,961 people/day in area 3.985.483m² (2 person per 100 m 2 ) and for the snorkeling and diving category, the number was 3,881 people/day in area 970,197 m 2 (2 person per 100 m 2 ), while for marine ecotourism activities, the mangrove and seagrass tourism categories were not suitable for implementation on Tunda Island (Table 14).Concerns about exceeding the environment's carrying capacity will become increasingly vulnerable if tourism activities are developed on small islands where natural resources are limited and tourism operators will always meet the needs of tourists in running the tourism industry business [31] [30].The environmental carrying capacity for marine tourism are divided into four types: physical carrying capacity, ecological carrying capacity, social carrying capacity, and economic carrying capacity.. Carrying capacity in ecotourism management is an essential element that must be managed to ensure the sustainability of the environment and ecotourism activities.Visitor comfort will be determined by whether the DDK value has been exceeded.If the number of visitors exceeds the DDK value, then it is likely that a feeling of discomfort will arise, so it is necessary to limit the number of visitors.

Table 3 .
Score of suitability index (IKW) for beach recreation tourism

Table 4 .
Suitability index for snorkeling tourism

.
Observation Location Coordinates

Table 8 .
Area Carrying Capacity per appropriate tourism category on Tunda Island