Phytosanitary features of pea morphotypes under the conditions of the Tyumen region

. The selection material and finished varieties of peas for sowing different morphotypes of the grain direction were assessed for the formation of a phytosanitary state and productivity, and the effectiveness of protection methods. During the growing season, leaf and stem diseases were observed with varying degrees of development and timing of manifestation (p. Ascochyta, p. Uromyces, p. Erysiphe communis G) with development depending on the year and genus of the pathogen from 0.2-40%. The development of the river. Ascochyta - 10-20%, r. Erysiphe - 11-49%, p. Uromyces - 0.2-20%. Some resistance was determined in 22% of varieties p. Erysiphe communis G., 11% p. Ascochyta and 14% p. Uromyces. The yield for the period of study of pea varieties of the sowing grain direction varied from 3.2 to 4.6 t/ha, stable yields in the morphogroup chameleon with an increase of 0.64 t/ha or 17% to the standard. Protection of peas requires mandatory pre-sowing treatment with a chemical disinfectant, a biological preparation with the inclusion of an agrochemical in the mixture, which contributes to the development of the root system, activation of growth vigor, and a 70-90% reduction in pathogenic fungi on seeds and roots. Fungicidal protection in the budding phase - the formation of beans contributed to the preservation of the crop by 0.3-0.4 t/ha.


Introduction
The cultivation of peas is determined by the choice of varieties with adaptive properties and improved cultivation technology.
Peas are characterized by a variety of morphotypes of leafy, mustachioed, grain and fodder chameleon, which further provides for certain farming conditions and technological culture to obtain full productivity.
The most important criteria for assessing the plasticity of pea varieties are indicators of homeostasis, stress resistance, genetic flexibility and breeding value; the productivity of pea varieties increased due to selection, which increased the influence of the variety by 60% [1][2].
Favorable weather conditions, due to the optimal distribution of heat and moisture, contribute to productivity due to the full formation of beans and seeds, the duration of the growing season and the interphase period [3][4][5].The yield of morphotypes and varieties increases with the formation of the correct plant morphology and from mustachioed varieties to leafy and chameleon varieties, the chameleon morphotype is adapted to conditions of high fertility and is resistant to drought [6][7][8][9].
The emerging pathogenic microflora, entomocomplexes significantly affect the production of culture productivity.In the Tyumen region, according to the monitoring data of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr", pathogens of root rot of the river are noted on leguminous crops.Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Ascochyta; Pea ascochyta (Ascochyta); Rust (Uromyces); Powdery mildew (Erysiphe communis Grev.) with distribution of 8-85% of the crop area [10].
The use of isolated genetic sources with a certain resistance in breeding, which make it possible to change the pea genome with targeted specific properties, is a modern method for increasing productivity [11].The timely application of plant protection products and agrochemicals is the main regulator of crop conservation [12][13][14].
The purpose of the research: to study the phytosanitary state and productivity of sowing peas of different morphotypes of the grain direction in the conditions of the Tyumen region.

Materials and methods
Laboratory and field studies were carried out in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Tyumen region, in the scientific institution of the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture SZ -a branch of the Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Records and observations were carried out according to standard guidelines adopted in the State Variety Network, crop production and plant protection.In the present work, we evaluated groups of varieties of grain direction represented by semi-leaf (whiskered), leaf morphotype and morphotype "chameleon" and their division into more precise morphotypes, used in research -Mustachioed yellow, not crumbling; Mustachioed yellow crumbling; leafy; Chameleon crumbling; Mustachioed, not crumbling; Mustachioed crumbling in each morphotype, from 5 to 10 varieties, lines participated in the comparative assessment.The study of breeding lines was carried out according to the type of competitive variety testing in comparison with the zoned pea variety Yamalsky, plot area 15 m, dark gray forest soils, heavy mechanical composition, standard agricultural technology and application of mineral fertilizers N-15, P-30, K-25 kg /ha of active substance, early sowing period with a seeding rate of 1.3 million germinating grains.
During the growing season, the incidence of leaf-stem diseases (р.Ascochyta), р.Uromyces, р.Erysiphe communis G). was determined at 10 points of the plot, a certain number of plants were examined and an eye assessment was carried out on a 4-point scale: 0 -no disease; 1 -up to 10% of the leaf surface is affected; 2 -up to 25% of the leaf surface is affected; 3 -up to 50% of the leaf surface is affected; 4 -more than 50% of the surface of leaves or beans is affected.A single examination in the phase of maturation of beans in the full manifestation of leafy diseases.The crop yield was taken into account by threshing the plots, processing statistical data using the Excel program.Energy and germination of seeds were determined in accordance with GOST 12038-84 -Seeds of crops.Methods for determination of germinating capacity.
During the growing seasons of the research years, the following weather conditions were observed, so 2013 was favorable in terms of the amount of precipitation 107.2% and air temperature 106%, to the norm, in 2014 the provision with precipitation was 103% to the norm and 104% with heat, while with insufficient provision heat in July 78% of the norm, in 2015 in terms of precipitation (115%) and heat (105%) to the norm with dryness in the 2nd, 3rd ten days of June and the 2nd decade of July, and in 2016 insufficient precipitation of 60% and warm 131% of the norm, with aridity for most of the growing season.

Results and Discussion
During the growing season on peas, one of the first leaf-stem diseases is observed (p.Ascochyta), then in the phase of filling beans (p.Uromyces) and (p.Erysiphe communis G).The greatest manifestation of diseases, regardless of the morphotype, differed by years of observation and in the conditions of 2015, 2016.Ascochyta with development of 10-15%, in 2014, 2016 Erysiphe communis G with development of 20-35%, in 2013, 2016 Uromyces with a development of 10-15% and differs in the frequency of manifestation and the number of diseases during the growing season of 2016 with a lack of precipitation and a dry period.
The change in Ascochyta pisi lesions was observed from 0.5 to 20%, a significant manifestation of the disease was observed in 2015 under conditions of sufficient moisture with some dry cold July.A decrease in Ascochyta pisi lesion, depending on the morphotype, by 1-2% was observed in baleen yellow non-shattering, leafy, baleen shattering and chameleon at the standard level.(Table 1).Erysiphe communis Fr.f.pisi Dietr.the main manifestation on pea plants begins in the bean-filling phase and its main peak does not have a significant effect on the formation of yield, since the main crop is already formed and is in the bean ripening phase.The development of the disease in the experiments was 11-49%, especially significant infection was in 2016 on mustachioed yellow non-shedding and crumbling morphotypes.Lower values of the disease in relation to the standard were observed on leafy, chameleon and mustachioed crumbling and non-shattering morphotypes (Table 2).Uromyces fabae (Pers.) on pea plants develops from the influence of weather conditions with a difference in temperature and humidity in the evening, the presence of weeds, especially milkweed, as a reservoir of infection.Uromyces fabae (Pers.)appeared in the range of 0.2-20%, with a significant damage to pea plants in 2013,2014,2016.A lower value of the development of the disease was noted on the mustachioed crumbling morphotype and an increase in the disease on the leafy morphotype and a significant difference is possible only at the level of a single resistant variety (Table 3).
The yield during the period of studying the morphotypes of peas of the sowing grain direction varied from 3.5 to 4.3 t/ha and weather conditions had a significant effect with a difference of 0.5-0.9t/ha, depending on the morphotype, the yield changed by 0, 1-0.6 t/ha and stable yields over the years and exceeding other morphotypes in varieties of the chameleon morphogroup with an addition to the standard of 0.64 t/ha or 17.6%, further decreasing mustachioed non-shedding and mustachioed crumbling with an increase of 0 .47-0.52 t/ha or 13-14% (Table 4).To maintain the stability of the productivity indicators of the morphotypes of the used varieties and varieties of grain peas over the years, methods of timely protection from the effects of harmful factors (weeds, diseases, phytophages) are necessary.
The study of means of protecting seeds and plants of peas showed the mandatory need for pre-sowing seed treatment, which has a positive effect on the development of germinal organs (an increase in root length by 0.8 cm or 4-5%) and a decrease in fungal infection on seeds.
Activation of the growth force of pea plants by 5-10% on the 10th day of observation when seeds are treated with a mixture of a chemical disinfectant with an agrochemical and a biological growth regulator, which determines the passage of growth phases at the initial stage under stressful conditions.Reduction by chemical treatment by 73.3-83.8% of the initial infection of seeds by Fusarium -5-15%, Ascochyta -10-15%, and biological preparations affect the resistance of plants to the development of pathogens.
Protection against root diseases when using chemical dressing was 77.6-81.7%, and one treatment with fungicides in the growth phase of the crop (budding -formation of beans) was convenient and effective against leaf and stem diseases during the growing season, which reduced the manifestation of diseases on plants by 75-90% and contributed to the preservation of the crop of 0.3-0.4t/ha or 15%.

Conclusion
The difference in the resistance of grain pea morphotypes to leaf and stem diseases is minimal, and most of all it is the individual resistance of a certain variety.In a comparative assessment of a set of varieties of each morphotype, 11% of the varieties had some resistance to Ascochyta, 22% to Erysiphe, and 14% of the varieties were more resistant to Uromyces.Among the morphotypes of the grain direction, the Chameleon morphotype stands out in terms of high yield with an average yield of 4.2 t/ha with an increase of 0.6 t/ha or 17% to the standard.
Plant protection products contributed to the development of the root system, the inclusion of an agrochemical in the mixture or the use of a biological product increased the growth force by 5-10%.The treatment of seeds and plants with a fungicide reduced their infection by 73.3-83.8%,root disease damage by 77.6-81.7%,leaf-stem diseases by 85% and an increase of 0.4 t/ha.