Bibliometric Analysis of Basella ssp. as an Antioxidant

. The last ten years have seen the discovery of free radicals and their damaging impacts. Increasing exogenous antioxidant intake could reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress. Several plants have been shown to have antioxidant activity, and one such plant is BasellaI. It is high in phytochemicals which can act as antioxidants, and its consumption may help fight free radicals generated by the body. In particular, this plant is essential for stimulating normal wound healing response. To the best of our knowledge, no bibliometric analysis of published data on Basella as an antioxidant has been done. The goal of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research on Basella 's antioxidant properties in the Scopus database using the VOSviewer and RStudio tools. There were 56 articles on Basella as an antioxidant according to the bibliometric analysis. The countries with the highest research output was India (27 documents), and the most productive institution was Chiang Mai University (15 documents). The most productive source was the International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. P. Giridhar had significant significant impact on papers on Basella as an antioxidant (H-index of 5). The most common keywords were “antioxidant” (859 occurrences with 1,340 total link strength) and “Basella alba” (606 occurrences with 1,048 total link strength). Findings from this data suggest the novelties of Basella as an antioxidant.


Introduction
The last ten years have seen the discovery of free radicals and their damaging impacts.These are toxic substances that the body produces during its normal metabolic process, along with poisons and wastes [1].By neutralizing free radicals and damaging by-products of normal cell metabolism, antioxidants have protective effects.By contrast, disrupting this balance in humans might result in serious medical conditions.Normally, the body's antioxidant system can remove free radicals, maintaining the proper balance between oxidation and antioxidation [2].However, excessive creation of free radicals could hinder the procedure from being done successfully, and its effectiveness also decreases with advancing age.Increasing antioxidant intake can minimize health issues and prevent diseases.Therefore, increasing exogenous antioxidant intake could reduce the damage caused by oxidative stress [2].The majority of exogenous antioxidants come from foods and medicinal plants, such as Basella, native to tropical Southern Asia and likely to came from Indonesia or India [3].
Basella (alba and rubra) is a perennial vine of the Basellaceae family that can withstand intense heat and is also known as Malabar spinach, Indian spinach, Ceylon spinach, and Vine spinach [4].The antioxidant capabilities of Basella are enhanced by its richness in * Corresponding author: nugroho_ae@ugm.ac.id phenols and other secondary metabolites.They can act as organic defenses against free radicals that their metabolisms release [5].The mechanism of action of preventative antioxidants that decrease the rate of oxidation by a variety of means.Chain-breaking antioxidants * scavenge free radicals, inhibit the initiation stage or stop the propagation step of lipid oxidation [6].Members of the Basella genus are high in phytochemicals, and their consumption may help provide antioxidants that fight free radicals generated by the body [5].Free radicals are strong oxidizing agents that cause cell damage, but they are also helpful, in particular, they are essential for stimulating normal wound-healing response [7].
When normal anatomical structure and function of skin tissue are disrupted, a complicated and multifaceted process known as wound healing occurs.[8].Among natural antioxidants, mounting evidence points to polyphenols as potential treatment options for oxidative stress-induced impared wound healing [9].In this situation, an ideal therapeutic method to accelerate wound healing is the use of safe and efficient antioxidants in the wound bed to combat excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS).Therefore, these Basella phytochemicals can control one or more stages of the wound-healing process [7].Many scientific studies have been conducted on Basella in the past few decades.Numerous biomaterials BIO Web of Conferences 75, 01001 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20237501001BioMIC 2023 have been designed and tested in response to an increased interest in employing antioxidant compounds for wound therapy [7].We belive that no bibliometric analysis of published data on Basella as an antioxidant has been done.The goal of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research on Basella's antioxidant properties in the Scopus database using the VOSviewer and RStudio tools.An increase in publications, nation, institution, source contributions, authorship analysis; paper and keyword occurrences on Basella as an antioxidant are specifically mentioned.This review can serve as a useful starting point for future studies on Basella as an antioxidant.

Study technique and search strategy
Research articles included in this study were taken from the Scopus database (https://www.scopus.com) on July 2, 2023.The keywords "Basella" AND "antioxidant" were given particular attention.All articles, reviews, and conference proceedings in English from the Scopus database were eligible for inclusion criteria.Articles that are not in the Scopus database and are not in English are excluded.Following a thorough data cleaning process, our search confirmed that the collected papers covered Basella and antioxidants, and then we checked for data duplication.The articles from Scopus were imported into Microsoft Excel and saved as Comma Separated Values (CSV) files.

Data Analysis
The CSV files were imported into VOSviewer 1.6.19from the Center for Science and Technology at Leiden University in the Netherlands to perform the bibliometric analysis.This program examines organizations, sources, writers, works, and co-occurrences of keywords.To prevent data duplication, data cleansing used the thesaurus in Excel.Then, the bibliometric data were analyzed using the RStudio software 2023.03.0-386 via the bibliometrics from the Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Italy.This program examines publication trends and the contributors' sources, nations, and writing styles.

Data searches
Searches with the terms "Basella" AND "antioxidant" from the Scopus database returned 56 articles.A bibliometric analysis of Basella and antioxidant using the Scopus database was applied to characterize and map knowledge concepts related to the expansion of research on Basella as an antioxidant.The research criteria, study questions, and analytical approach selection steps were used to construct the bibliometric analysis.Performance analysis and scientific mapping are methodologies used for bibliometric analysis [10].Performance analysis considers the contributions of academics from different countries, institutions, sources, and authors that could increase the productivity of the papers generated [11].On the other hand, scientific mapping analysis based on bibliographic networks could be used to extract knowledge from the intellectual, social, or conceptual structures of a study topic [10].

Publication trend
The average number of citations per publication and trends in publishing data are displayed in Table 1.Only 56 documents discussing Basella's antioxidant activity are listed in the Scopus database.The first journal was published in 2004, resulting in an annual production rate of 2.8 documents.The year with the highest number of publications was 2015 (7 articles), followed by 2012, 2018, 2021, and 2022 with 6 articles each.In terms of citations, the year with the highest citation rate is 2004 (8.65 citations per year), followed by 2010 (6.57citations per year) and 2021 (5.17 citations per year).A paper with a significant number of citations is likely to have an impact on other researchers' use of the knowledge that reflects intellectual influence [12].Citations are increasingly used in research policy and the research system as performance measurements.Citations are typically seen as indicating the importance or standard of the research [13].In addition to the quantityof documents created, each country's citation rate was examined.Figure 2 reveals that India (554 citations), the United States (173 citations), and the United Kingdom (140 citations) were the three most cited countries.This suggests that these countries may have the most influence on research on Basella's antioxidant activity.

Analysis of contributing institution
Identifying the most prolific institutions was one of the most important tasks in bibliometric analysis [14].The Scopus database was used for the analysis.According to the database, institutions with the highest number of publication of articles on Basella as an antioxidant were Chiang Mai University (15 documents), Icar-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (12 documents), and three other universities each with 7 articles: Dayananda Sagar University, National Chiayi University, and the University of Tahjshahi (7 documents each) as shown in Table 2.    2010) was the second most influential article with 140 citations.This study assessed the traditional Thai claims about the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants.It selected plants for future phytochemical research; nine plant species with anti-inflammatory properties, such as Basella alba L. and Basella rubra L. (Basellaceae), were selected from Thai textbooks.This research also investigated their in vitro anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activities.This study provides in vitro evidence of the use of Thai plants.Ethyl acetate extract of Basella alba has an antioxidant activity in inhibiting DPPH with IC50 of 5.32 µg/mL, while that of Basella rubra has a value of 34.58 µg/mL.Ethyl acetate extract of Basella alba also shows an NF-kB inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 83.28 µg/mL, and that of Basella rubra shows a value of 162.83 µg/mL [17].
The third most influential article was "Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of 27 Indigenous Taiwanese Vegetables" written by Chao et al. (2014) with 64 citations.The objective of this study was to identify the antioxidants and antioxidant activity in 27 Taiwan's indigenous vegetables, one of them being Basella alba.This study found that Basella alba contains various antioxidant compounds in acid hydrolysates, such as polyphenol (7.12 ± 1.40 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (42.71 ± 3.06 mg QUE/g DW), and flavonols (7.73 ± 2.19 mg QUE/g DW).The IC50 of the DPPH scavenging activity of Basella alba was 427.78 ± 0.48 µg/mL [18].The article "Studies on the spectrometric analysis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Basella alba leaf for the antibacterial activities" written by Mani et al. (2021) was the fourth most influential article with 51 citations.In this study, AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous Basella alba leaves extract.The antioxidant studies revealed significant scavenging activity ranging from 13.71 percent to 67.88 percent.Green synthesized AgNPs have well-organized biological activities in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial activities, which can be used in various biological applications [19].
The fifth most influential article was "Fruit extracts of Basella rubra that are rich in bioactive and betalains exhibit antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against human cervical carcinoma cells", written by Kumar et al. (2015) with 48 citations.Fruit extracts of Basella rubra, which are high in bioactive phenolics, flavonoids, and betalains, were tested for antioxidant and anticancer activities against human cervical carcinoma (SiHa) cells.Fruit extracts in water and aqueous methanol showed significant free radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power.Fruit extracts at 50 mg/mL demonstrated strong (81%) cytotoxic activity against human cervical carcinoma cells.Thus, fruit extracts may have applications in cancer treatment and nutraceutical or dietary supplements [20].Studies on the spectrometric analysis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Basella alba leaf for the antibacterial activities

Environmental
Research 51 5 [20] Fruit extracts of Basella rubra that are rich in bioactives and betalains exhibit antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity against human cervical carcinoma cells Journal of Functional Food 48

Analysis of keyword co-occurrence
The following analysis used the VOSviewer to examine keyword co-occurrence across all terms.Based on the publication's content, this analysis can map existing or future research issues on Basella as an antioxidant [11].
The number of documents that contain a specific keyword is displayed by occurrence.Because the calculation method was full counting, the number of keyword occurrences obtained in the study represents the total number of times certain keywords appeared in all documents.The "All keyword" category includes author keywords (article titles, abstracts, and full texts) as well as indexed keywords [21].Network visualization of the topic by VOSviewer can be seen in Figure 4. Twelve clusters were generated through the VOSviewer, and every cluster indicates how one subject links to the others.This software can display bibliometric mapping (Figure 4).The keywords are denoted by colored circles, and the size of the circles shows how frequently they appear in titles and abstracts.As a result, the size of the letters and circles depended on how frequently they occur.The more frequent a keyword appears, the more frequently the letters and circles exist.Based on the data gathered from the articles containing Basella as an antioxidant, 1,510 keywords were found from 765 articles.The clusters in each of the examined issue areas are shown in Figure 4.For example, the phrases "antioxidant", "Basella alba", "oxidative stress", and "lipid peroxidation" share the same circle color, indicating that they have a close link and are grouped.The most common keywords were "antioxidant" (859 occurrences with 1,340 total link strength) and "Basella alba" (606 occurrences with 1,048 total link strength).This data may suggest the novelties of Basella as an antioxidant.

Conclusion
Reasearch on Basella as an antioxidant has been widely undertaken in a number of countries, including Thailand which published the most (15 publications).According to this bibliometric study, P. Giridhar authored the most articles about Basella as an antioxidant and had a large impact on articles on this topic, with the highest H-index of 5. Haskell et al.'s (2004) article "Daily consumption of Indian spinach (Basella alba) or sweet potatoes has a positive effect on total-body vitamin A stores in Bangladeshi men1-3" received the most citations (173)."Antioxidant" (859 occurrences with 1,340 total link strength) and "Basella alba" (606 occurrences with 1,048 total link strength) were the most common keywords.These results provide insights to stimulate pharmaceutical research collaborations and reveal open issues about Basella as an antioxidant.Nevertheless, this study had many limitations, such as our knowledge of the literature influencing keyword selection, which could affect the amount and diversity of articles included in our analysis.

3. 5
Analysis of contributing sourceA total of 56 documents from 48 sources worldwide are listed in the Scopus database as research on Basella's antioxidant activity.The most productive sources, as indicated in Table3, were the International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (3 articles), the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and the Journal of Ethnopharmacology with 2 articles each.The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (149 citations), and Chemosphere were three journal with the highest number of citations relative to the number of papers published (139 citations).

BIOFig 4 .
Fig 4. Network visualization of the topic by VOSviewer

Table 1 .
Publication data trend by year using Rstudio application To determine which country contributed the most to the studies on Basella's antioxidant activity, analysis of contributing country was carried out using RStudio.The heatmap of all the nations included in Basella's research is displayed in Figure1.Countries in darker blue had more articles published.Countries producing the most publications were India (27 documents), Nigeria (4 documents), and China (3 documents).A pink line shows partnerships with other countries.Most collaborative articles originated in Saudi Arabia and India (2 collaborations).

Table 2 .
The institution with the highest productivity using the RStudio application

Table 3 .
The most productive source using the RStudio application

Table 4 .
Top 5 most productive authors using RStudio

Table 5 .
Top 5 most cited articles using RStudio