Ethnoeconomic Learning Approach to Strengthen the Profile of Pancasila Students in a Globally Diverse Environment

. Indonesian education has gone through various development processes, one of which is curriculum development. Character education is important to be instilled in students because the formation of national character is one of the goals of national education. Ethnoeconomic focuses on how cultural values, social norms, and traditional practices affect the way individuals or groups manage resources. Essential learning in the independent curriculum, one of which is ethnoeconomic learning. Strengthening the profile of Pancasila students leads to the integration of student characters in ethnoeconomic learning. Many studies have examined the strengthening of the profile of Pancasila students.The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of ethnoeconomic learning approaches to strengthening the Pancasila students profile based on analyzing the results of several studies with an average effect size of 0.027 with a p-value value of < 0.001, because the p-value < 0.05, the average effect size of 10 significant studies even though it was relatively small. Ethnoeconomic learning approaches have a significant influence on strengthening the Pancasila student profile. This research is known after analyzing measurements with the application of JASP statistics from several articles that have similarities in their research problems.


Introduction
Indonesian education has gone through various development processes, namely curriculum development.Curriculum changes in Indonesia began in 1947 until the last was the 2013 curriculum (Sulistiawati et al., 2023).Through the curriculum, it is expected to be able to create educational success.The Merdeka Curriculum is the type of curriculum used by Indonesia today.The independent curriculum is used so that learning takes place by adjusting the abilities of students and focusing on the subject matter of learning, student competence, and character development, The main characteristics of the independent curriculum are (1) Project-based learning for the development of character and soft skills of students based on the Pancasila Student Profile; (2) Provide sufficient learning time to learn basic competencies of numeracy and literacy to focus on the subject matter (Rizal et al., 2022).The independent curriculum is a curriculum based on developing student profiles so that they have souls and values that reflect the precepts of Pancasila in their lives.The independent curriculum still makes character education through the Pancasila student profile as the main component (Rahmawati et al., 2023).The independence curriculum in learning does not only understand the meaning of independence in a narrow context but also interprets the meaning of the initial letters that form the word Merdeka.
Freedom of learning in the Merdeka Curriculum is a transformation of education to produce a superior generation.Freedom of learning contributes to improving the competence of students to be able to learn freely.The concept of "Freedom of Learning", provides opportunities for students to access knowledge from various learning sources.Freedom of learning provides educational institutions with the freedom to encourage students to innovate and think creatively.Freedom of learning can be understood as freedom in working and responding to changes that occur in the educational environment.Freedom of learning also provides the widest freedom for students in improving global competence Freedom of learning in the learning process also requires students to be able to learn independently.The presence of Merdeka Belajar provides freedom and authority for schools to develop and manage curricula in accordance with the characteristics of their schools.Merdeka Belajar makes it easier for teachers to access digital-based learning tools.Freedom of learning also provides freedom for students in expressing, expressing opinions and also choosing subjects according to their respective interests and ways of learning (Andhini et al., 2022).An interesting and fun environment with various learning components and visualization will provide students with opportunities for independent learning to support learning in the classroom (Putra et al., 2021).Educational transformation in independent learning can develop students' potential optimally.
Character education is important to be instilled in students because the formation of national character is one of the goals of national education (Safitri et al., 2023) Character education has actually been implemented since 2010 in the national movement of character education.Character education is not new in the world of education but the implementation in educational units is not optimal so that character education efforts continue to be strengthened and developed through the Pancasila student profile (Bimbingan et al., 2022).The formation of national character through the Pancasila student profile is carried out in integrated education units in intracurricular activities, projects to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students (co-curricular), and extracurricular activities (Dewi & Suryana, 2020).Discipline, motivation and responsibility of students and teachers are internal characteristics that must be possessed in carrying out learning with confidence (Fikri et al., 2023).Character education of students to care about society and humans is a way to reduce threats to human life in environmental problems (Istiqomah et al., 2020).Character education in learning is the main goal for achieving learning outcomes as strengthening the profile of Pancasila students.
The Pancasila student profile is a character that must be possessed by students covering six dimensions in the Pancasila student profile, namely: 1) Faith, fear of God Almighty and noble character; 2) Independent; 3) Working together; 4) Global diversity; 5) Critical reasoning; 6) Creative.The Pancasila profile owned by students will later become a symbol of Indonesian students who have character, culture, and have Pancasila values.The Pancasila student profile project is a learning experience based on cross-study programs with observations and thinking of solutions to problems in the surrounding environment in order to strengthen various competencies in the Pancasila Student Profile.The Pancasila student profile project is carried out flexibly in terms of content, activities, and time of implementation.Project objectives, content, and learning activities do not have to be tied to intracurricular goals and materials.The community can be involved to collaborate in designing and organizing projects to strengthen the profile of Pancasila students.The Pancasila student profile project is expected to be able to produce graduates who show the characteristics and skills or abilities needed and can be achieved, as well as solidify the noble values of Pancasila (Kertih & Wiratama, 2023).The Profile of Pancasila students in the independent curriculum as strengthening the dimensions of global diversity is crucial in maintaining the country's identity (Wijayanti & Muthali, 2023).Ethnoeconomic learning can apply an attitude of respect for culture and the environment to prevent divisions due to students' feelings of intolerance.
Essential learning in the Merdeka curriculum can be applied in ethnoeconomic learning.Generally, there are many studies, in understanding ethnoeconomic learning some students have difficulties.The existence of ethnoeconomic learning is expected that students can apply it in real life and be able to explain about ethnoeconomic.Strengthening the profile of Pancasila students is expected to be able to understand and study ethnoeconomic, so as to foster awareness in protecting and preserving the environment along with the ongoing ethnoeconomic learning process (Roihanah et al., 2022).Ethnoeconomic learning through strengthening the profile of Pancasila students leads to the integration of student characters in ethnoeconomic learning.Many studies have examined the strengthening of the profile of Pancasila students.Therefore, researchers conducted an analysis by measuring the effect of the ethnoeconomic learning approach to strengthen the Pancasila student profile with the aim of being able to analyze the influence of ethnoeconomic learning to shape the character of the Pancasila Student Profile (Setiawan et al., 2023).Philosophically, Indonesia was built with different sources of cultural philosophical values and geographical environments so that this diversity is united in the Indonesian archipelago which forms a paradigm for the concept of multicultural education at the root of Indonesian values (Jayadi et al., 2022).Global diversity in ethnoeconomic learning from the independent curriculum is also based on the diverse cultural environment of the school so that respect for differences is the main goal of education.
Ethnoeconomic is a term that combines two main concepts: "el thno" which mel ans el thnicity or culturel , and "el conomy" which rel fel rs to thel study of thel production, distribution, and consumption of rel sourcel s.EL thnoel conomic is a fiel ld of study that el xaminel s thel rel lationship bel twel el n cultural, el thnic, or social and el conomic factors, el spel cially in thel contel xt of traditional sociel tiel s or communitiel s that havel distinctivel cultural charactel ristics (Mardiah el t al., 2022).EL thnoel conomic is a multidisciplinary fiel ld that combinel s el lel mel nts of el conomics, anthropology, sociology, and othel r social sciel ncel s to invel stigatel thel complel x intel ractions bel twel el n culturel and el conomics in culturally divel rsel sociel tiel s (Ghafur, 2022).EL thnoel conomic focusel s on how cultural valuel s, social norms, and traditional practicel s influel ncel thel way individuals or groups managel rel sourcel s, conduct tradel , and makel el conomic del cisions.This could involvel thel study of traditional agricultural systel ms, cultural el xchangel , thel usel of traditional tools, and othel r aspel cts of el conomic lifel in a highly culturally divel rsel sociel ty (Rahmadani el t al., 2021).EL thnoel conomic studiel s oftel n try to undel rstand how cultural factors, such as rel ligion, valuel systel ms, social systel ms, and cultural hel ritagel , play an important rolel in thel el conomy of a particular sociel ty.This rel sel arch can hel lp us undel rstand why cel rtain el conomic practicel s pel rsist in a cultural group whilel othel r groups may adopt diffel rel nt practicel s.It can also hel lp in cultural prel sel rvation and thel del vel lopmel nt of el conomic stratel giel s that arel morel in linel with thel valuel s and nel el ds of a particular sociel ty (Rifqi Hamzah & PGRI Wiranel gara Yuniar Mujiwati, 2022).Ethnoeconomic learning is the development of teaching materials in economics lessons that are based on culture.Ethnoeconomics in learning will create character education that respects the cultural environment to realize the Pancasila student profile.
Pancasila Valuel s as thel Basis of thel Statel : Pancasila is thel basis of thel Indonel sian statel , which includel s fivel main principlel s, namel ly thel Onel and Only God, Just and Civilizel d Humanity, Indonel sian Unity, Pel oplel hood Lel d by Wisdom in Consultation / Rel prel sel ntativel , and Social Justicel for All Indonel sian Pel oplel .EL ducation that promotel s thel undel rstanding and practicel of Pancasila aims to build citizel ns who havel an awarel nel ss of thel sel valuel s (Farliana el t al., 2023).Thel prel paration of thel youngel r gel nel ration in strel ngthel ning thel profilel of studel nts as an undel rstanding of Pancasila in thel contel xt of el thnoel conomic is an invel stmel nt in thel prel paration of thel youngel r gel nel ration who will lel ad and participatel in thel futurel del vel lopmel nt of Indonel sia.Studel nts with charactel r nel el d to havel a strong foundation of valuel s to facel complel x el conomic and social challel ngel s.Pancasila as an ideology is the result of the conceptualization and representation of the ideas of the Indonesian nation which is united in diversity (Suntana el t al., 2023).Pancasila as the foundation of the Indonesian state is a guideline for strengthening character education in an environment of cultural diversity for students.

Metode of Research
This research uses a type of research with meta-analysis techniques.Meta-analysis is a systematic study method accompanied by statistical techniques to calculate the conclusions of several research results.Meta-analysis research uses the dimension of the amount of influence or effect size of the results of studies that have been combined to then be collected and analyzed.Meta-analysis is done by searching and collecting data by searching e-journals using google scholar.The keywords in the search are "Pancasila Student Profile and "Ethnoeconomic Learning" a search of 10 scientific articles was carried out in reputable scientific journals.
After obtaining the effect size value, then the effect size can be categorized at levels as contained in table 1.

Result and Discussion
From the results of data analysis of 10 scientific articles, data was obtained that there was an influence of The Strengthening Pancasila Student Profile Project in Ethnoeconomic Learning.The data was obtained from 10 sample articles which then the data was rounded and processed using the help of the JASP 0.18.1.0application for windows 8.The results of this study are described in table.2The effect size of the influence of strengthening the profile of Pancasila students in learning ethnoeconomy obtained different values.The effect size of the ethnoeconomic learning model with the lowest value is 0.08 and the highest with a value of 0.04.From the 10 articles analyzed, the average effect size of 0.27 was in the medium category.Based on this, it illustrates that the strengthening of the Pancasila student profile in ethnoeconomic learning has a marked effect on improving student learning outcomes.
From the research results, in general, some data were obtained that strengthening the Pancasila student profile can have a positive impact on ethnoeconomic learning as follows: (1) Strengthening the Pancasila student profile is very influential on the learning process, (2) students are able to follow ethnoeconomic learning well, (3) students are able to behave in accordance with the Pancasila student profile.( 4) students are able to have the character of the Pancasila student profile.Not much different, there was also an increase in secondary school students with ethnoeconomic learning, the increase can be seen from several aspects in the observed research, namely: (1) execution decision-making ability, (2) transfer of skills in practice, (3) understanding of tactics that are growing, procedural knowledge, besides that there is one thing that is observed to increase, namely increased social skills as well.
All subjects in the strengthening the profile of Pancasila students when observed experienced almost the same improvement in several things, including the ability to understand the game, decision-making ability, and transfer in a game.However, in the study, it should be noted that with the different levels in the elementary and high school education levels, in the preparation of ethnoeconomic learning materials, it is necessary to pay attention to the limits of improvement, so that it is expected that students at the lowest level can have characters according to the profile of Pancasila students.
Based on the findings and analysis of the results of research that has been carried out as a whole, strengthening the Pancasila student profile is able to shape student character according to the Pancasila student profile in ethnoeconomic learning.This is shown by the results of the analysis conducted through the JASP application, namely p value < 0.5, then the average effect size of 10 significant studies with an average magnitude of 0.27.
Strengthening the profile of Pancasila students can form diverse students in terms of religion, social, culture, language, ethnicity that focuses on citizen education, by understanding and carrying out their rights and obligations as citizens with character, intelligence, and skills.

Table 1 .
Criteria Effect Size