The effect of banana peel flour ( Musa paradisiaca ) as additional feed raw materials for common carp ( Cyprinus carpio )

. Banana peel flour has a high nutritional content and can be used as a raw material for fish feed. The study was to find out the effect of banana peel flour as a raw material for feed on enhancing common carp fish growth. The study was conducted from February to April 2023 at the Fish Hatchery and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala. The experimental group used a CRD with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included T0 (0%), T1 (2.5%), T2 (5%), T3 (7.5%), and T4 (10%) doses of additional Kepok banana peel flour. The sample fish used were an average weight of 1.64 ± 0.24 g fish. -1 , which was cultured for 40 days. The parameters observed included survival, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. The results revealed that adding Kepok banana peel flour as a raw material for common carp feed had a significant influence on absolute weight growth, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), but had no effect on survival (P>0,5). The optimal percentage obtained was the addition of 7.5% banana peel flour in the feed formulation (T3) which was able to produce 1.73 ± 0.12% day-1 SGR. Hence, the addition of Kepok banana peel flour as a feed raw material is quite effective in supporting the growth of common carp.


Introduction
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the leading commodities in the freshwater fisheries industry.This fish was previously known and consumed by many people, so demand is increasing in Indonesia [1].However, the current high market demand is occasionally not satisfied because the number of fish produced is insufficient.According to [2], the challenges faced in carp business activities include a low survival rate, a relatively slow growth rate, and comparatively high feed prices.
Feed is extremely important in the development of fish.The availability of sufficient feed in both quality and quantity has a significant impact on fish farming activities [3].However, feed costs are quite high, covering 60%-80% of total operational costs [4].In other words, feed contributes to nearly all of the farming costs.As a result, the raw materials used to make feed must not only have nutrient content for the fish being farmed, but also be easily obtained on a sustainable and affordable basis.The fish can then use the energy source from this feed for basal energy, activity, reproduction, and growth.
Scientists' interest in agricultural waste has grown in recent years, and the waste has become more attractive to explore and benefit from rather than being ignored.According to [5], 100 g of banana peel contains 89 Kcal of energy, 2.6 g of fiber, 22.84 g of carbohydrates, 0.33 g of fat, and up to 9.86 g of protein.Banana peels, according to [6], can help excrete feces and nutrients whereas providing aroma to feed.As a result, banana peels can be used as a fish feed additive [7], [8].Aside from that, the use of agricultural waste is expected to reduce existing feed used, resulting in relatively high farmer profits.
The natural wealth of plants in Indonesia offers opportunities to provide raw materials for feed, particularly from waste products such as banana peels.According to [7], Kepok banana peels contain 4.40% fat, 9.86% protein, and 82.59% carbohydrates; these contents can be used as supplementary components in the production of feed in the form of flour.The carbohydrates are the highest component value.[9] state carbohydrates serve to meet energy and food supply needs while also helping to save protein (protein sparring effect).To determine how much banana peel flour is used, it must be tested in a feed formulation on the growth and feed efficiency values of common carp.
Previous studies on consumption fish, such as tilapia and rohu fish, have been conducted.According to [10], [11], and [12], using banana peels flour in feed formulations can increase absolute growth, daily growth, and fish feed efficiency values, as well as disease resistance.Based on the content of Kepok banana peel flour, it can be used as feed additive for fish growth and survival.The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of adding Kepok banana peel flour on feeding and to find the appropriate dose of Kepok banana peel flour to increase common carp fry growth and survival.

Materials
The materials used in this research are as follows: a) Common carp size 3-7 cm obtained from local fish shop in Aceh Besar; b) Peel of Kepok banana which comes from processed banana waste; c) other feed ingredients include soybean flour, fish meal, fine bran, tapioca flour, water, fish oil, and vitamins.

Research methods
This study was conducted from February to April 2023 at the Fish Hatchery and Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh.Proximate analysis was performed at the Food and Agricultural Product Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh.A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and three repetitions was used.Each treatment container was filled as many as 10 fish.Common carp was reared based on the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC, 2018) and have ethical approval B/034SN/XII/2022 from the animal ethic committee of Marine and Fisheries Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala.
The treatment for this research was given in the form of different doses of Kepok banana peel flour used in fish feed, as follows: T0=Feed without an additional Kepok banana peel flour (control); T1=Feed with an additional of 2,5% Kepok banana peel flour; T3=Feed with an additional of 5% Kepok banana peel flour; T4=Feed with an additional 7,5% Kepok banana peel flour; T5=Feed with an additional 10% Kepok banana peel flour.

Research Procedure
The research was conducted in several stages, including: a) Preparation of Kepok banana peel flour in feed.Banana peels were washed and dried in an oven at 50°C for 24 hours [12].The flour was then ground and combined with the raw ingredients until the ingredients are combined and do not crumble when clenched.The feed is then molded using a feed molding machine and dried in an oven at 70°C for 30 minutes [10].After drying, the feed was stored in a dry and closed container; b) Preparation of test feed; and c) Preparation of fish sample, which included one-day acclimatization as a process of adapting fish to the environment [13], before being cultivated in a container.
The observation phase was carried out for 40 days where the fish sample were given fish feed as much as 5% of the weight of fish biomass.Feeding was carried out three times a day [13].Siphoning was done to clean the remaining feed and dirt.Furthermore, sampling was carried out every ten days including weight measurements and measurements of water quality such as temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen.

Research Parameters
The feed formulation results were analyzed descriptively using proximate data, which included changes in nutritional content without and with Kepok banana peel flour.The following parameters were observed in this study:

Absolute weight growth
According to [14], the growth is calculated based on the formula:

GR = Wt-Wo
Where: GR= Growth rate (g); Wt = Average weight of fish at the end of the experiment (g); Wo = Average fish weight at the beginning of the experiment (g)

Specific growth rate
The specific daily growth is calculated based on the formula [15]: Where: SGR= Specific growth rate (%); Wt = Average weight of fish at the end of the experiment (g); Wo = Average fish weight at the beginning of the experiment (g); t = Rearing period (days)

Feed conversion ratio
The feed conversion ratio is calculated based on the formula [16]: Where: FCR = Feed conversion ratio; Wt = Average weight of fish at the end of the experiment (g); Wo = Average fish weight at the beginning of the experiment (g); D = Weight of dead fish (g); F = Amount of feed consumed (g)

Survival rate
According to [17], survival rate is calculated based on the formula: x 100% [16] Where: SR = Survival rate (%); Nt = Number of fish at the end of maintenance (fish); No = Number of fish at the beginning of maintenance (fish)

Data analysis
The data is analyzed using Analyze of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS software to determine the effect of the treatment given.If there are significant results, the calculation is continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test.

Result and discussion
Based on the results of the ANOVA test, adding Kepok banana peel flour to common carp feed for 40 days had a significant (P<0.05)effect on absolute growth, relative growth, and feed conversion ratio but had no significant (P>0.05)effect on survival (Table 1).After 40 days of observing the addition of Kepok banana peel flour to feed raw materials, the treatment with a dose of 7.5% (T3) had the highest absolute weight growth value, namely 1.60 g.Meanwhile, the control treatment (T0) had the lowest absolute weight growth of 0.92 g. [18] stated that the dietary requirements of common carp are 30-35% protein, 30-40% carbohydrates, and 5-15% fat.According to the proximate test in Table 2, carbohydrates are the most abundant nutritional content in Kepok banana peel flour.Carbohydrates provide energy to the fish's body; they are also required for the continuation of the fat metabolism process and can reduce protein consumption (protein sparring effect) [19].In other words, common carp get enough energy from non-protein nutrients to allow protein to be utilized to support the fish's growth.In addition, [20] found that common carp-fed pellets provided the highest absolute growth value of 1.55 g.As a result, the addition of Kepok banana peel is thought to be advantageous not only for the dietary requirements of fish but also for reducing the consumption of commercial feed.
The specific growth rate (SGR) of a fish describes its growth rate over time.This refers to the ability of fish to convert feed nutrients into energy.In this study, common carp SGR showed different results depending on the treatment.The treatment with 7.5% Kepok banana peel flour (T3) showed the highest SGR value, 1.73%/day.Meanwhile, the treatment with 2.5% Kepok banana peel flour (T1) resulted in the lowest SGR, 1.06%/day.The greatest SGR results in this study were considered quite good and correlated with the SGR results in [21], who obtained an SGR value of 1.75%/day in common carp-fed pelleted diets.[12] obtained SGR results ranging from 2.50 to 2.80% after feeding a banana peel flour diet to L. rohita, strengthening its immunity.According to [22], the protein and non-protein content (fat, carbohydrates, water, and ash) of the feed affect the fish growth rate.
The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for common carp reared for 40 days resulted in different results for each treatment.The results revealed that the treatment with 7.5% Kepok banana peel flour (P3) had the best FCR value, 1.4.Meanwhile, the treatment with 10% Kepok banana peel flour (T4) produced the lowest FCR value, 2.0.According to [23], the FCR value for rearing common carp on commercial feed was 1.90.This indicates that the common carp feed in this study could be better utilized for growth.In other words, the lower the FCR value, the more efficiently the fish utilize the feed provided, contributing to lower feed production costs.If plant protein sources can be used as a supplement to animal protein sources, not only will production costs be reduced, but growth and production will also be increased [24].
The survival results showed that the feed formulation by adding banana peel flour had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on C. carpio survival.During 40 days of observation, the survival rate (SR) of common carp ranged from 56.67 to 76.66%.[According to [25], feed with different protein contents but the same protein energy value has an effect on growth but has no effect on survival rates.Water quality is one of the biotic and abiotic factors that influence survival.Survival, according to [26], can be influenced by both biotic and abiotic , 03024 (2024) BIO Web of Conferences ICFAES 2023 https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/2024870302487 factors.Abiotic factors include the availability of food and the water quality of the inhabiting media, whereas biotic factors include the age and ability of the fish to adapt to the environment.[12] showed the addition of banana peels flour can be used as a feed additive in aquaculture to increase the SR of rohu fish about >90%.Water quality is essential in common carp farming because it is the primary inhabiting media.Water quality that complies with the requirements can help fish grow and survive.Table 3 shows the range of water quality values obtained during this study.The optimum temperature range for fish life, according to [27], is between 25 and 30°C.Meanwhile, a pH of 6.5-8.5 is appropriate for common carp farming [28].Dissolved oxygen levels in common carp-friendly waters are greater than 5 mg/L [29].In general, the physical parameters of the water during maintenance show the range of living conditions for common carp.

Conclusion
Kepok banana peel flour has great potential as a fish feed ingredient because of its nutrients as a source of carbohydrates for herbivorous and omnivorous fish.The T3 treatment with a dose of 7.5% Kepok banana peel flour produced the highest growth, with an absolute weight of 1.60 g, an SGR of 1.73%/day, an FCR of 1.4, and an SR of 76.66%. /doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/2024870302487 /doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/2024870302487

Table 1 .
The results of measuring research parameters of common carp for 40 days Note: Different superscript letters in the same column show significant differences (P<0.05).

Table 2 .
Proximate test results of feed with and without Kepok banana peel flour (KBPF) Source: * Proximate Test Results of Food and Agricultural Product Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, USK

Table 3 .
Water quality parameters