Farmers' Response to The Application of Augmentorium in Technology to Conserve Fruit Fly Parasitoid on Snake Fruit in Yogyakarta

. Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca) is a fruit plant suitable for cultivation in Turi, Yogyakarta, and its surroundings, which has been developed and sold domestically and for export. However, fruit fly is the most significant constraint to snake fruit production. Parasitoid augmentation is one way to control fruit flies through augmentorium technology. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and response of farmers to the introduction of augmentorium technology. Parameters observed knowledge and participants' responses to the introduction technology. The survey method with a questionnaire instrument was applied to obtain data on respondents who participated in the training of snake fruit farmers. Respondent response data was analyzed based on percentage, Likert scale, and Pearson correlation. The results showed that the response to the four components of the training material was good. The average respondent's knowledge score was 1.47. The augmentorium technology component has not been applied by farmers, with a score of 1.40. The level of farmers' knowledge of the application of augmentorium technology is closely related to a significance value of 0.49. A positive response to the application of the augmentorium technology was found, starting from their interest in applying the technology with a score of 2.97.


Introduction
In the tropics, snake fruits (Salacca zalacca) are valued for their ability to provide food and nutrition security, as well as employment and income.In Indonesia, snake fruit is the seven most-produced fruit after bananas, pineapples, mango, citrus, durian, and papaya, which are also valuable for US$ 1.781.188.75 of fruit exports in 2021 [1 ; 2].North Sumatra, Central Java, East Java, and Yogyakarta are the primary producing regions for snake fruits [1].The area used for snake fruit production in the Sleman District of Yogyakarta was estimated to be 2.419.829ha in 2011 [3], and it produced 40.882 tonnes in 2016 [4].Despite recent increases in the productive crop of snake fruits, such as a 1.42% rise between 2015 and 2016, the productivity is 2.86% [4].
The productivity of salak is hampered by a heavy infestation of the fruit flies Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, which have the potential to contribute to the economic growth of Indonesian economies.Infestations of fruit flies reduce the price and quality of fruit products for both domestic and international markets.The farming practice, the slow adoption of sanitation management, large post-harvest losses, and the trading infrastructure contribute to the low productivity of snake fruits [5].The majority of snake fruit farmers in Sleman mostly reject the use of chemical pesticides for controlling salak pests.In addition to their negative impacts on humans and the environment as well as the acknowledged maximum residue limits, the use of insecticides to control fruit flies is not sustainable [6; 7].
Orchard sanitation with augmentorium to conserve natural enemies and the use of parasitoids are two of the fruit fly integrated pest management (IPM) components to address these issues [8; 9].For example, horticulture farmers in Reunion Island adopted the use of augmentorium, which contributed to replacing insecticides [10].Other research has demonstrated that fruit fly infestation can be reduced by retaining 100% of fruit flies and escaping 80% of parasitoids [11; 12].
Universitas Gadjah Mada in collaboration with the National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) has tried to introduce, disseminate, and promote the adoption of augmentorium of fruit fly parasitoid technologies through IPM socialization to snake fruit farmers in considering the advantages of augmentorium to conserve parasitoid that has been demonstrated in Indonesia.Farmers' beliefs, their level of knowledge, and most importantly their willingness to adopt (WTA) the technology will influence how widely they apply the augmentorium.According to the evidence, farmers' knowledge of pest management techniques has an important influence on how quickly and readily they adopt new technologies [13].Thus, with the aim to conserve fruit fly parasitoids and reduce fruit flies in salak orchards, the current research evaluated smallholders' knowledge, perceptions, and willingness to adopt augmentorium technologies.

Methods
The research method used is analytic observational with a cross-sectional approach.The sample in this study was 35 respondents who were selected using a purposive sampling technique.Data were collected through a survey method with a questionnaire instrument [14; 15].The data collected include farmer characteristics, knowledge level, and their responses to the augmentorium technology introduced and applied to their snake fruit field.The rating scale given to the variables considered by the respondents is as follows: interesting/ needed/ improved/ willing/ already applied/ interested/ know = score 3; doubtful/ sometimes/ don't know = score 2; and not interesting /not needed/ not improving/ not willing/ not applying/ not interested/ don't know = score 1.
Respondents' preferences and response data were analyzed based on percentage, Likert scale, and Pearson correlation.Respondents' answers or statements obtained were scored using a scoring system of the Likert scale model to determine the response of respondents to the components of training materials and the application of Augmentorium technology [14; 15].Correlation statistical analysis was carried out using the Pearson correlation test [16].Pearson analysis is a statistical test tool used to determine the relationship between two or more variables by using an interval as a data scale.
The Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the strength of the correlation between independent variables characteristics and the level of knowledge of farmers related to their participation in the application of technology The basis for correlation decisionmaking is that if the significance value < 0.05 then it is correlated, and if the significance value > 0.05, it is not correlated [17; 18; 19].

Respondents' characteristics
The respondents' characteristics are summarised in Table 1.Our respondents are snake fruit producers, private sector employees, and civil servants, with males counting to 82.86% of the entire sample population.The majority, approximately 65.71%, of the respondents' ages are between 46-59, indicating a trend of our respondents are working age.Farmers of productive age have the physical ability and good mindset to absorb and apply new information and innovations.Referring to Law No. 13 of 2003, a productive workforce has an age of 15 to 60 years [20; 21].
Most respondents are leaders of farmer groups (42.86%) and members of farmer groups (42.86%).Approximately 84.29% of our respondents have received education for more than 6 years, which means higher than the elementary school level.Only five respondents (14.29%) have received higher education (Bachelor/Master/Doctoral Degree).The majority of the respondent's education level is quite high.Thus, the introduced technology is expected to be adopted properly.Both formal and informal education variables have a significant influence on the knowledge level of farmers.Farmers with a higher level of education will have broader insights and are more receptive to innovation [22; 23].According to [19], respondents who have had quite a long experience in taking education are categorized as sufficient to comprehend and accept a new innovation.
The duration of farming is the length of time a farmer has been working as a farmer.Farmers who have been farming for a long time tend to be more agile in analyzing and choosing farming methods to make their farming more profitable [19].Based on Table 1, over 82.86% of respondents are farmers, and they have been producing snake fruits for over 11 years, indicating sufficient experience in snake fruit production.Overall, our respondents are relatively older, barely educated, experienced, and full-time snake fruit farmers, representing the typical characteristics of Indonesian farmers.According to [24], the level of education, experience in farming, and age are very decisive in receiving material in training, thereby affecting the improvement in farmers' knowledge.

Respondents' response
The survey asked the respondents to rate their level of agreement with various statements about training materials, in which 1 = disagree, 2 = neutral, and 3 = agree.The following statements are ordered in descending level of agreement.All respondents agreed that training materials were interesting, required, and improved knowledge, and they were willing to disseminate the material given in the training (Table 2).Thus, training material was exhibited as a good category (score of 3.00).
According to [25], the inclusion of innovation in a community environment will lead to new knowledge and changes in the attitudes and behavior of the recipients of the innovation (adopters).Changes in attitude can be seen from the response of farmers, and farmers' acceptance can be seen from the level of adoption.The running of innovation depends on the response and level of adoption given by the farming community.Farmers tend to adopt an innovation if an innovation can provide benefits, is not complicated, is easy to see the results, and is in accordance with the culture of the local community [26].Meanwhile, research by [27] explains that the factors affecting adopter farmers are the direct benefits of technology and its suitability for application.The response given by farmers can be seen in terms of cognitive, affective, and conative.Each of these indicators results in a different response, which will affect the implementation of the program [25].The overall responses to the components of the training material in Table 2 were used to conclude the average categories, namely cognitive, affective, and conative responses.The result showed that the response of the farmers to the augmentorium technology was high, meaning that all the respondent farmers gave good responses to the augmentorium technology training materials.Respondent farmers agreed that the program had a positive impact on improving farmer knowledge.All respondents answered that they were willing to distribute augmentorium technology materials.In accordance with the research of [28; 29], the response indicators can be seen from a cognitive, affective, and conative perspective.A good response to a program means that the program has been implemented properly.Conversely, a negative response means that the program implementation has not been successful.
According to recommendations, one of the important factors in the successful application of augmentorium technology to control fruit flies on snake fruit is the understanding and skills of farmers as the main resource in cultivation.Based on the response data for the application of augmentorium technology in Table 3, the farmers have not fully had the knowledge and practice of controlling fruit fly pests of snake fruit using augmentorium technology.The average score of respondent farmers' knowledge is in the low category (1.47), which means that farmers do not know about augmentorium technology in terms of both the shape of the tool and the function.This is because augmentation technology for controlling snake fruit flies is a new innovation for most members of farmer groups, so farmers need more time to understand and know how to use and apply this augmentation technology in their farming fields.This result is in line with [30] and [19], stating that farmers take a long time to adapt to new innovations.
The low level of farmer knowledge is consistent with [31], describing that this is due to a lack of farmer information where farmers only rely on the information from extension workers and experience from farming activities.Farmers experience a lack of information sources, such as print media or training activities conducted.The activities that can improve knowledge about controlling snake fruit flies with augmentorium technology include training or counseling, from which the farmers are expected to master the techniques and methods of applying augmentorium technology properly and correctly.This condition is in line with [32], stating that counseling can help farmers get a better life by changing their behavior to be better at making their own decisions.
The low level of farmers' knowledge affects the technological components of augmentorium technology that have not been applied, with a score of 1.40.[31] explained that farmers usually carried out farming following their experience in farming, making it difficult for them to adopt an innovation from counseling.Farmers have a lack of understanding of what is informed, and they are not yet skilled in applying the latest technological innovations.Farmers have a lack of understanding of what is informed, and they are not yet skilled in applying the latest technological innovations.In addition, it is very difficult for them to apply these innovations because they increase spending on their farming business.
Farmers' interest in applying augmentarium technology is in high criteria, with a score of 2.97, meaning that the farmers were interested in applying augmentarium technology.According to [24], a high category is at the level of the respondent's plan (farmers) in applying technology introduction, which means the respondent (farmer) plans to try to apply it himself and in farmer groups, then share it to other farmers at group meetings.The farmers in the productive age tend to have high motivation to innovate and adopt new technological innovations, while farming experience also determines the understanding of the material provided [33; 34].

Relationship between farmer characteristics and participation in the implementation of technology
The effects of farmer participation responses on the application of augmentorium technology based on farmer characteristics, namely gender, age, status, education, work, and farming experience, can be seen in Table 4. Pearson correlation test analysis for the relationship between each characteristic of farmers (gender, age, status, education, occupation, and farming experience) with the perceived level of application of augmentorium technology showed no significant correlation.This means that all of the variable characteristics of farmers do not effect the perception of farmers in the component level of the application of augmentorium technology.This result is in line with the results of [15], reporting that all farmers' characteristic variables did not affect farmers' perceptions of shallot cultivation technology.The research results of [35] also stated that the of age, education, farming experience, and number of family dependents were not significantly related to farmers' responses to the disseminated rice cultivation technology innovations.
The variable of farming experience has a significant relationship with farmers' interest in augmentorium technology (Table 4).Based on statistical tests, the correlation coefficient is -0.38 with a significance value (p-value) of 0.04 <α 0.05.The relationship between the variable of farming experience and the level of interest in augmentorium technology is not unidirectional.This explains that the longer the farming experience, the lower the farmer's interest in applying technology.
Research conducted by [23] also explains that the variable length of farming has no significant effect on the farmer's knowledge of the use of refugia plants.This result is also in line with the results of [36], which states that the longer farmers do farming, they tend to feel comfortable with cultivation techniques or pest control that has been carried out so far, causing them to be reluctant to adopt innovations that can deal with rice pests naturally.5, the level of farmer knowledge has a significant relationship with the application of augmentorium technology.Based on statistical tests, the correlation coefficient value is 0.49 with a significance value (p-value) of 0.01 ≤ α 0.01.The relationship between the level of farmer knowledge and the application of augmentorium technology is one-way.This explains that the higher the level of knowledge, the higher the farmer's interest in applying technology.[37] stated that a higher level of knowledge has an influence on productivity.The higher the knowledge level of farmers, the higher their ability to adopt technology in agriculture, and vice versa.The same thing was also stated by [38] that having good knowledge about something will encourage changes in behavior in individuals.Knowledge about the benefits of something will cause someone to behave positively towards it and vice versa.[24] explained that the factors affecting knowledge include education, work, age, interests, and information.

Conclusion
1.A positive response was given by farmers to the application of augmentorium technology, which stated their interest in implementing the technology as a good category with a score of 2.97. 2. The level of farmers' knowledge of the augmentorium technology was closely related to a significance value of 0.49.

Table 1 .
Frequency distribution of the individual characteristics of respondents.

Table 2 .
Respondents' responses to the components of the training materials.

Table 3 .
Respondent's responses to the application of augmentorium technology.

Table 4 .
Distribution of the relationship between farmer characteristics and participation in the application of augmentorium technology.

The relationship between farmer knowledge and participation in the application of technology knowledge
measured in this study is how farmers know information about what augmentarium technology is and how to apply it.Based on Table

Table 5 .
Distribution of the relationship between the level of farmer knowledge and the application of augmentorium technology.
** Note: significant at the level of α=0.01