Feasibility Analysis and Efficiency of Porang Farming in Gowa Regency

. This study aimed to analyze the profitability and efficiency of porang farming in Majannang Village, Parigi District, Gowa Regency. The method used in this research was schontatic frontier analysis performed to 30 farmer respondents. The results showed that porang farming in Majannang Village obtained an average value of the total revenue cost ratio of 1.67 (>1), while the average value of the total benefit cost ratio was 0.67 (<1) which means the B/C ratio is unbeneficial. Therefore, porang farming in Majannang Village. The technical efficiency of porang farming was inefficient with an average technical efficiency value of 0.849 (<1). The allocative price efficiency of Porang farming was inefficient shown by the efficiency value of 2.87 (>1) and based on the value of technical efficiency at the efficient price, the value of economic efficiency was 2.43 (>1) which means it was economically inefficient.


Introduction
Tubers are a source of carbohydrates that have the potential to be developed as food ingredients, one of which is the porang commodity with a low-fiber tuber type which is suitable for raw materials for making cassava, sawut, flour and starch.Indonesia has a very abundant potential for tubers not only as a variety of food crops but also to bring business opportunities for the actors.These tubers have recently begun to be processed into various types of ready-to-consume food and industrial raw materials.In line with government programs with food diversification campaigns by increasing local food consumption such as cassava, corn, sago, potatoes, bananas and taro, it is expected to be able to reduce rice consumption.Good news came from taro tubers which experienced an increase in consumption of 0.62 kg/capita/year and is still classified as the most beautiful increase among other local foods [1].
Corresponding author: arsalsalama252@gmail.com In recent years porang plants (Amorphopaus muelleri) is becoming popular because the demand for porang in the world market continues to increase so that many parties are interested in cultivating it.The prospect of this commodity can be said to be very potential because it has economic value, especially for industry and health.From an economic point of view, this plant is more profitable with results obtained faster and larger than other agricultural commodities such as rice, corn, rubber, coffee, sugar cane, and others [2].
Porang plants have high economic value and have considerable export opportunities.There was a 160% increase in the value of porang exports, namely porang exports in the first half of 2019 were recorded at 5.7 thousand tons in the first half of 2021, namely 14.8 thousand tons.It was recorded that in 2020, from January to September, exports of porang, whether in the form of porang chips, flour or tubers, whether sliced or not, reached a volume of 10,931 tons or US$ 31,427,394.With the largest export in May with a volume of 2,036 tons or US$ 8,118,847.Meanwhile, the smallest export occurred in February with a volume of 427 tons or US$ 607,329 [1].
Development of porang cultivation in South Sulawesi through assistance facilities government started in 2020 covering an area of 577 ha including assistance of 13 ha for pilot project / nursery and 564 ha for fertilizer assistance as well in 2021 got an allocation for porang activities of 20 ha with the help of a full package of seeds and fertilizers in 10 districts (Soppeng, Sidenreng Rappang, Wajo, Sinjai, Barru, Gowa, Bantaeng, Takalar, Bulukumba, and North Luwu [1].
Gowa Regency is one of the districts with porang production in South Sulawesi is evidenced by the involvement of Gowa district in the program Merdeka Exports 2021 by releasing 28,266 tons of porang plants.Based on data from the Food Crops and Horticulture Service of South Sulawesi in 2001 total the harvested area of porang plants is 2632.69Ha with a total production of 18,429.83tons.
The increase in porang planting was triggered by an increase in the interest of farmers in cultivating crops, this was due to an adequate level of profitability.However, this interest was not accompanied by sufficient knowledge in the process of farming the commodity of porang.Porang has not been very developed in Indonesia, it is still often considered a foreign plant/wild plant by almost some farmers, but there are some farmers who cultivate porang commodities, only with patterns or systems that are not optimal.Limited knowledge and skills of Porang are one of the factors that result in low productivity.Because of this limitation, the demand for porang, which has increased every year, cannot be matched by the amount of domestic production.
Porang has become interesting to study because recently it has been considered a commodity that provides promising economic value.There are several studies that discuss porang, including the topic of research on increasing the added value of porang as a forestry commodity by focusing on efforts to increase the added value of people through two approaches to demand and supply and level of profitability of commodity porang.It also examines the factors that influence the income of the porang commodity farming by analyzing a group of porang farmers using descriptive and multiple linear analysis.

Materials And Methods
The research location chosen was Majannang Village, Parigi District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, with the consideration that this area is one of the regencies/cities in South Sulawesi which has the largest area of harvest and production land.This study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to comprehensively analyze the research problem.In determining the sample/respondent using simple random sampling method.The number of respondents in the study were 30 farmers who were homogeneous and randomly selected for further interviews with regard to the unit of farming analysis.This research uses the method Frontier Schotantic Analysis, Revenue Analyzes and BC/RC ratio which is expected to be able to answer related to the benefits, feasibility and efficiency of porang commodity farming.

Revenue analysis
To calculate the total cost of porang farming [3].
Where TR Total Revenue, Y Production, Py Price.To calculate porang farming business income [3].
Where Π Farming Income, TR Total Revenue, TC Total Cost.

Feasibility Analysis
The Revenue/Cost Ratio is a comparison between total receipts and a comparison between receipts and costs where revenue and total costs are calculated using the formula [3] as follows: Revenue Cost Ratio (R/C)= TR/TC (4) Information R/C Ratio Comparison between Revenue and Costs, TR Total Revenue/Total Revenue (IDR), TC Total Cost/Total Cost (IDR).

Benefit and Cost Ratio
The Benefit and Cost Ratio (BCR) is a comparison of the benefits or profits obtained by a business with the costs incurred in that business in the future.In general, the B/C ratio can be formulated as follows, Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) = Π /TC (5) Information B/C Ratio Comparison between Income and Expenses, Π Profit of Farming (IDR), TC Total Cost/Total Cost (IDR)

Analisis Schontatic Frontier
The analysis technique used in this study is the Frontier Production Function and the Cobb-Dauglass Function to determine the dominant and efficient factors of production.Besides that, descriptive statistics are also used to describe the profile of respondents from agriculture in the study area.The model used to describe the relationship between input and output in the production process is known as the Cobb-Douglas function with the application of the frontier production function.To estimate the factors that affect output (Y), the Cobb-Douglas model is appropriate, because this model is the most relevant model.Mathematical model of the frontier production function for porang farming.In this research it can be written as follows: The frontier production function is estimated using the Stochastic Frontier Production Function method, which is obtained using the Maximum Likelihood Method.

Technical Efficiency Test
On technical efficiency, using the Schontatic Frontier analysis tool.The value of the results of the analysis is obtained from the estimated output of technical efficiency with the average efficient value of the results of the analysis of the input factors of production from all the respondent farmers on porang farming.If the average value of technical efficiency (ET) is getting closer to 1, farming can be said to be more technically efficient [3].

Price/Allocative Efficiency Test
Price or allocative efficiency shows the relationship between costs and output.Price efficiency can be achieved if it can maximize profits, namely equating the marginal product of each factor of production with its price.It is said to be price efficiency or allocative if the value of the marginal product is equal to the price of the factor of production concerned.In the Cobb-Dauglas function, b is called the regression coefficient which also describes the elasticity of production.Thus, the value of the marginal product (NPM) of production factor X can be written as follows [3].
Where b product elasticity/regression coefficient, Y Number of Production, Py production price, X Total Factors of Production.
The price efficiency condition requires NPMx to be equal to the price of production factor X, or it can be written as follows [3], where Px Price of Factor of Production: In practice, the values for y, Py, X and Px are averaged so that the equation above can be written as follows: In reality the above equation is not always equal to one, and what often happens is: • (NPMx/Px) = 1 means that the use of production factor X is price efficient • (NPMx/Px) > 1 means that the use of production factor X is not price efficient.To achieve efficiency, input X needs to be added • (NPMx/Px) < 1 means that the use of production factor X is not price efficient.To achieve efficiency, input X needs to be added After obtaining the NPM results for each factor of production, the average price efficiency will be calculated using the following formula:

Economic Efficiency Test
Economic efficiency is the product of all technical efficiency and price or allocative efficiency of all input factors.The formula of economic efficiency, namely: Information EE Economic Efficiency, ET Technical Efficiency, EH Price Efficiency.If the value of economic efficiency is equal to 1, then the farming has reached a level of efficiency.

Factors affecting Porang farmers' income
Respondents in this study were all Porang farmers in Majannang Village, which had been determined as many as 30 respondents.The identity of the respondents can be seen based on the characteristics of the farmers related to farming activities including age, education and land area Based on the table above, it can be seen that most of the respondent farmers are aged 45-54 years with a total of 16 people with a percentage of 53.33%.There are 4 respondent farmers aged 35-44 and have the same number of respondent farmers aged 65-74.There were 6 respondents aged 55-64 years.Based on the theory of [4] the age of the farmers in Majannang Village, Parigi Village is still dominated by productive farmers with age range 35-64 years.It can be said that porang farmers in Majannang Village, Parigi District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency are more stable in processing farming, because younger workers tend to experience higher powerlessness when compared to workers.older.This can happen because younger workers tend to have less work experience when compared to older workers, or due to other factors such as older workers who are more stable, more mature, have a more balanced outlook on life so they are prone to mental stress.or helplessness at work.
The characteristics of respondent farmers based on education show that the education level in Majannang Village, Parigi District, Wajo Regency varies, starting from the elementary level of 8 people (26.67%), the junior high school level of 1 person (3.33%) has the same value as the Masters level, Respondent farmers with high school education level were 17 people (56.67%) and for the undergraduate level there were 3 people with a percentage of (10%).
The education of respondents in Majannang Village at the junior high school (SMP) level of education has a higher level of knowledge and insight, the junior high school level of knowledge has a slow IDR of technological developments resulting in difficulties and requires a long time in adopting innovations.Meanwhile, high school education level (SMA) has specific knowledge in conducting farming by considering the mindset in decision making and being able to adopt existing technological innovations.Farmers with an undergraduate education level have a broad level of knowledge and are able to adjust to existing technological changes so they are not left behind and are able to apply the knowledge gained to be applied in the field so as to obtain maximum benefits.So it can be said that the level of formal education achieved by the respondents is mostly high school graduates so that the farmers in Majannang Village are already able to accept new innovations in farming development.
The land area of the respondent farmers as shown in the table explains that the area of land owned by the respondent farmers from 0.1-.0.5 ha is 11 people with a percentage of 36.67%,0.6-1.0ha is 12 people with percentage of 40.00%, 1.1-1.5 ha as many as 2 people with a percentage of 6.67% have the same number of respondent farmers who have a land area of 2.1 -2.5.There is 1 farmer who has a land area of 1.6 -2.0 ha with a percentage of 3.00% and there are 3 farmers with the largest land area, namely 2.6 -3.0 ha with a percentage of 10.00%.Land area is a determining factor for high or low production and income earned by farmers.The wider the farmer's land, the greater the production and vice versa, the lower the land area, the less production is obtained which also affects farmers' income.Land area is something that is very important in the production process or farming, land area will affect the amount of production cultivated and the welfare they get [5].

Revenue
Revenue is the multiplication of production and the selling price.The amount of income received by farmers for every rupiah spent on farming activities is influenced by the amount of production produced and the unit price of production produced [6].The average income of Porang farming in Majannang Village can be seen in Table 3 below: Primary data source after being processed in 2022.
Table 3 shows that the average production of wet Porang tubers per hectare obtained by farmers is 915.17 kg with a selling price of IDR.4,000/Kg so that the total average income of farmers for the production of wet porang bulbs is IDR.3,660,666.67.The average production of wet porang frogs produced by farmers is 82.7 kg with a selling price of 40,000/kg, so the revenue for the production of porang frogs is 3,308,000.00.Based on revenue from the production of wet porang tubers and wet porang frogs, the average income of porang commodity farmers in Majannang Village, Parigi District, Gowa Regency is 6,968,666.67.

Income
Income is the difference between Porang farming income and production costs used during the production process.The goal of a farmer in running a farming business is to establish a combination in the branch of farming which will later be able to provide the maximum income, because income has a function to meet daily needs and can provide satisfaction to farmers so they can continue their activities [7].Porang farming income in Majannang Village can be seen in Table 4 below:  Based on Table 5, the average total income received by porang farmers is IDR.6,968,666.67per harvest season from the multiplication of the amount of Porang production and the selling price of Porang by farmers in one harvest season.The average total production cost incurred is IDR.4,151,648.32per harvest season obtained from the sum of fixed costs and variable costs.So it can be concluded that the average income received by farmers from the difference between revenue and total production costs is IDR.2,817,018.35per harvest season.From these data it can be seen that the total revenue is greater than the total cost of production used, this indicates that the income of farmers can cover all costs incurred and the income earned can meet the needs of farmers' lives.The greater the costs incurred in the production process, the smaller the income received and conversely, the less production costs used, the more income farmers get.

Farming Feasibility
The Revenue/Cost Ratio is a comparison between total receipts and a comparison between receipts and costs, where revenue and total costs The table above explains that the average value of the Revenue Cost Ratio of porang farming respondents is 1.67.This shows that IDR.1.00 (one rupiah) spent on porang cultivation business generates revenue of IDR.1.67 with a value of Revenue Cost Ratio greater than one (1.67 > 1), meaning that porang farming is economically feasible but accompanied by development.
The Benefit and Cost Ratio (BCR) is a comparison of the benefits or profits obtained by a business with the costs incurred in that business in the future.In Table 7 above, it can be seen that the average Benefit Cost Ratio value of the respondent farmers on porang farming is 0.67.This shows that IDR.1.00 (one rupiah) spent on porang cultivation generates a net income or profit of IDR.0.67 with a Benefit Cost Ratio value of less than one (0.67 <1), meaning that porang farming is not economically feasible to cultivate.
Based on the results of the feasibility analysis above, porang farming will be feasible and profitable if there is a development process carried out by farming actors in terms of cultivation and the seriousness of studying the techniques of cultivating porang commodities.

Stochastic Frontier Production Function Analysis Using MLE Method
Analysis of the stochastic frontier production function used in this analysis is the Cobb-Douglas production function which consists of seven explanatory variables, namely land area, seeds, liquid fertilizer, manure, Gramoxone pesticide, Devon insecticide and labor.The results of the estimation of the production function are presented in Based on table 8 above, in the frontier analysis method 4.1 the LR value in the production function is 7.102 at a significant level of 1% (alpha = 0.01) indicating that the porang commodity farming in Majannang Village, Gowa Regency has technical inefficiencies and term errors in the form of farming risks.Technical inefficiency and risk in porang farming can be identified by the Gamma value in the production function.The Gamma value produced by frontier 4.1 is 0.999 which is significant at 1% (alpha = 0.01), this coefficient value proves that porang farming has not reached its maximum point, 99%% of productivity is affected by technical inefficiency and 1% non-maximum productivity is affected by risk.
Table 8 shows the estimated value of the parameters in the stochastic frontier production function which can show the elasticity value of the inputs used.The input variables that significantly influence porang production are land area, manure, Gramoxone pesticides and labor.The coefficient or elasticity value of the land variable has a significant effect on porang production at the level α = 0.01 with a value of 0.797.This figure indicates that by adding 1% land area, productivity will increase by 79.7%.
The land variable is the most responsive compared to other variables because it has the largest coefficient.The average use of land area in the research location is 0.92 hectares with a minimum land area of 0.1 hectares and a maximum land area of 3.0 hectares.Considering that land has a very positive effect on productivity, porang farming actors will carry out an extensification scheme by expanding production land to increase production quantity by clearing critical forest and garden land.
The coefficient or elasticity of the seed variable was found to have no significant effect on Porang production with a value of -0.063.The addition of seeds with an average use by farmers of 497.23 kg/ha in porang farming has no significant effect on productivity.
The manure variable has a significant effect on the productivity of porang farming with a fertilizer coefficient of 0.049 which indicates that every 1% addition of manure to porang cultivation will cause an increase in production of 4.9%.
For the Gramoxone pesticide variable, it has no significant effect on porang production with a coefficient value of 0.01, which means that each addition of Gramoxone pesticide will have no impact on increasing production.The labor variable shows a negative effect with a coefficient of 0.195 which means that the addition of labor production inputs does not have a major effect on the production of porang farming.

Technical Efficiency
In the trial of the Stochastic Frontier analysis method, the analysis results obtained estimated values.Based on the table above, it can be described that the value of the efficiency level with an average of 0.84940686 means approaching efficiency, in line with what was stated [3] that if the ET value is getting closer to 1, farming can be said to be more technically efficient.

Price/Allocative Efficiency
The production input studied in porang farming in Majannang Village, Watang District, Enrekang Regency is the price of each production factor used, namely seeds, liquid fertilizer, manure, Gramoxone, Devon and labor.Price efficiency explains the relationship between cost and output.Price or allocative efficiency shows the relationship between costs and output.Price efficiency can be achieved if it can maximize profits, namely equating the marginal product of each factor of production with its price.It is said to be price efficiency or allocative if the value of the marginal product is equal to the price of the factor of production concerned.In Dauglas' Cobb function, then b is called the regression coefficient which also describes the elasticity of production.Thus, the value of the marginal product (NPM) of production factor X can be written as follows [3].From the calculation results of table 10, the value is obtained  1 / 1 for the variable porang farming seeds of -4.64.The results of these calculations indicate that the use of factors of production for seeds is not efficient because the results of the calculations obtained show results that are smaller than 1.Therefore it is necessary to reduce the use of factors of production for seeds to achieve efficiency.
Variable production factors of manure obtained results  2 /P 2 of 4.11.This shows that the use of manure production factors is not efficient in terms of price, because the price efficiency calculation results show a figure that is more than 1.So it is necessary to add the manure production factor in order to reach the point of efficiency.
Use of variable production factors Gramoxone values  3 /P 3 the result is 2.33.The results of this calculation indicate that the use of Gramoxone production factors is not price efficient, because the price efficiency calculation results show a number that is less than 1, which means that it is necessary to reduce Gramoxone inputs in order to achieve price efficiency.
On the use of labor production factors obtained results  4 /P 4 of 0.38.The results of this calculation indicate that the use of labor production factors is not price efficient, because the price efficiency calculation results show a number greater than 1, which means that additional labor input is needed to achieve price efficiency.
After calculating the NPM for each production factor, price efficiency is calculated by adding the price efficiency NPM for each production factor.Then the value of price efficiency is: Economic efficiency is the result of a combination of technical efficiency and price efficiency.From the calculation results it is known that the technical efficiency is 0.849 and the price efficiency is 2.87.Where economic efficiency can be achieved if technical efficiency and price efficiency have been achieved.Then the amount of economic efficiency can be calculated as follows: EE = ET.EH (4) EE = 0.849.(2,87) (5) EE = 2.43 (6) So the magnitude of the economic efficiency of porang farming in Majannang Village, Parigi District, Gowa Regency is 2.43.This means that porang farming in Majannang Village is not economically efficient because the value is still more than 1.Based on the results of the analysis of economic efficiency, namely the combination of technical efficiency and price efficiency, the value of the efficiency of production factors in the form of manure and Gramoxone pesticides is obtained with an NPM value of > 1, while the factor of seed production and labor has an NPM value of <1 so that the combination of the use of these factors production on porang farming has not reached economically efficient.
To achieve the maximum level of economic efficiency, farmers need to reduce the use of costs for seed and labor inputs, while for manure and Gramoxone pesticides, additional input costs are needed in order to maximize production and achieve technical and price efficiency.

Conclusion
Porang farming in Majannang Village, based on the results of the feasibility analysis, the average value of the total revenue cost ratio is 1.67, which means that the R/C ratio is greater than one (1.67> 1) while the average value of total benefit cost ratio obtained 0.67, which means the B/C ratio (0.67<1) is smaller than one.Based on this, porang farming in Majannang Village, Gowa Regency is not profitable and will be worth trying when there is a development process.Porang farming in terms of technical efficiency is not yet efficient with an average technical efficiency value of 0.849 which means that it is not technically efficient enough because it is not the same as 1.Price efficiency (allocative) for Porang farming is also not efficient because the end result of the efficiency value is greater than 1 is 2.87 and based on the multiplication of the value of technical efficiency and price efficiency, an economic efficiency value of 2.43 is obtained, which means that it is not economically efficient because it is greater than 1.

Table 1 .
Variable Definitions of the Production Function of Porang Farming

Table 2 .
Identity of Respondent Farmers.

Table 3 .
Average Porang farming income in Majannang Village

Table 4 .
Average Total Income of Porang Farmers in Majannang Village in One Hectare.Based on the table above, the average income of porang farming actors on 1 Ha of land in Majannang Village is IDR.2,966,916.70/ Ha The input costs incurred by farmers consist of fixed costs and variable costs.Farmers spend a total cost in one hectare per one harvest season of IDR.4,857,830.77/Ha.The total income of porang farmers consists of the output of porang tubers of IDR 3,876,464.65/Ha and the output of porang frogs of 3,948,282.83/Ha.

Table 5 .
Average Total Income of Porang Farmers in Majannang Village.

Table 6 .
Average Net Profit Margin (NPM) of Porang Farmers in Majannang Village.

Table 7 .
Average Benefit Cost Ratio of Porang Farmers in Majannang Village.
Primary data source after being processed in 2022.

Table 8 .
Table 8 below.Estimation of the Frontier Production Function with the MLE Method on Porang Farming in Majannang Village.

Table 9 .
Level of Technical Efficiency of Porang Farmers in Majannang Village.

Table 10 .
Analysis of allocative efficiency in the use of production factors for porang farming in Majannang Village.