Chromosomal abnormalities in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

¹ Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
² Scientific Center of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan

^* Corresponding author: sarmoldina_aliya@mail.ru

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most conventional cancer in children and teenagers. In adults, this pathology is much less common. The paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of chromosomal aberrations in clinically identified 1269 feeble children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia for the period from January 2013 to January 2023. The average age of the patients was 10.2±1.69 years. The material for the study was bone marrow and blood cells obtained from a puncture biopsy of the sternum and peripheral vein. Cytogenetic studies were carried out using the generally accepted standard method using GTG banding. The results of the analysis showed the absence of genomic and chromosomal mutations in 215 (17%) children; translocation t(1;19)(q23;p13) was detected in 75 (6%) children; in 221 (17.5%) children - t(4;11)(q21;q23); in 234 (18.5%) children - t(9;22)(q34;q11); 88 (7%) - t(12;21)(p33;q22) and 139 (11%) patients had translocations between other chromosomes. Hyperdiploid translocations were detected in 139 (11%) children. No sick children with hypodiploid cells were found. No metaphase cells were obtained from 152 patients (12%). In sick children, a relatively low frequency of optimistic predicting chromosomal abnormalities, namely t(12;21)(p13;q22) and hyperdiploid, has been established. The pervasiveness of chromosomal aberrations with a negative treatment prediction, such as t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), is consistent with the accessible international scientific literature data. The results obtained indicate the importance of cytogenetic studies in the diagnosis and predictions of children with ALL.