Open Access
Table 5.
Number and types of non-tariff measures (NTMs) implemented in wine sector, arranged by trade patterns: focus on developed (North) and developing (South) countries, Old World Producers (OWP) and New World Producers (NWP), net importers (NI) and net exporters (NE).
| Year | North-North | North-South | South-North | South-South |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | 99 | 58 | ||
| 2006 | 95 | 60 | 4 | |
| 2016 | 236 | 169 | 87 | 48 |
| Year | OWP-OWP | OWP-NWP | NWP-OWP | NWP-NWP |
| 1996 | 76 | 81 | ||
| 2006 | 72 | 87 | ||
| 2016 | 240 | 300 | ||
| Year | NI-NI | NI-NE | NE-NI | NE-NE |
| 1996 | 27 | 31 | ||
| 2006 | 26 | 33 | ||
| 2016 | 103 | 169 | 5 | 10 |
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