The role of physical activity in enhancing mental health: A scoping review of the evidence

Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia

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Abstract

Physical activity is increasingly recognised as a practical, low-cost strategy to protect and improve mental health. This scoping review maps and summarises recent evidence linking physical activity (including structured exercise and everyday movement) with mental health and mental ill-health outcomes across populations. We synthesised findings from high-level evidence (umbrella reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses) alongside selected primary studies, including work by Hasmyati (Faculty of Sports Science and Health, Universitas Negeri Makassar) describing psychosocial and cognitive outcomes relevant to mental health (e.g., self-efficacy, concentration, and mental toughness). Across the evidence base, higher physical activity is consistently associated with lower risk of depression and anxiety, and exercise interventions show meaningful reductions in symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. Benefits appear across age groups and clinical and non-clinical populations, although effects vary by activity type, intensity, and context (e.g., leisure-time versus occupational activity). Proposed mechanisms include neurobiological (neurotransmitters and inflammation), psychological (mastery, self-efficacy), and social (connection and support) pathways. Evidence gaps remain regarding low- and middle-income settings, long-term adherence, domain-specific measurement, and intervention tailoring. Overall, the literature supports positioning physical activity as a core component of mental health promotion and as an adjunct treatment option within stepped-care models.