Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding as a Predictor of Mortality in COVID-19 Patients Admitted to RSUP Dr. Sardjito, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

¹ Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
² Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

^* Corresponding email: dhite@ugm.ac.id

Abstract

This retrospective cohort study explored the association between Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding (UGIB) and mortality in adult COVID-19 patients admitted to RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta hospital from January 2021 to October 2022. Data, sourced from electronic medical records (EMRs) and analyzed using R Studio, aimed to discern if UGIB could predict mortality in COVID-19 patients, considering other relevant comorbidities. The univariate analysis identified several significant mortality-associated factors. Notably, UGIB presented an odds ratio (OR) of 2.14 (95% CI 1.48-3.11, p < 0.001) for increased mortality. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.34-1.81), hypoalbuminemia (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.70-2.48), hyperkalemia (OR 3.35, 95% CI 2.44-4.67), and renal impairment (OR 2.91, 95% CI 2.41-3.53) also exhibited significant associations. In contrast, being female reduced mortality risk (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.69-0.90). The multivariate analysis, after adjusting for influential factors, indicated UGIB as an independent predictor with an OR of 1.68 (95% CI 1.022.79, p = 0.042). The results underscore UGIB’s significance in predicting COVID-19 patient mortality, suggesting the need for proactive interventions to enhance patient management and outcomes.