Physiological and Cytological Features of Fertilization, Formation of the Embryo and Endosperm During Interspecies Hybridization of Cotton

Cotton Breeding, Seed Production, and Agrotechnologies Research Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan

^* Corresponding author: daminovad19860@gmail.com

Abstract

The article presents the data of physiological and cytological studies on the study of the features of the process of fertilization, the formation of the embryo and endosperm in the distant interspecific hybridization of cotton. Normally, the influx of hormones that regulate the division of the endosperm occurs in the opposite direction of the movement of phloem and xylem nutrient flows, which cause the movement of division waves and end by the 8th-9th day with the cell formation of the nuclear endosperm, which occurs by delimiting the cytoplasm around the nuclei through the formation of chains of vesicles emerging cell walls, followed by the formation of cell walls. And in the process of formation of a distant interspecific endosperm, a massive multiple formation of abnormal nuclei occurs, which remain viable due to the total metabolism and only in the common cytoplasm of a multinuclear cenocyte. It was revealed that the imbalance of the chromosomal composition of the nuclei in the common nuclear coenocyte leads to the death of its nuclei before the stage of cell formation and, therefore, when interspecific embryos switch to endosperm nutrition, they lose it, which blocks further growth and development of interspecific embryos inside the forming seed.