Harnessing Azolla pinnata for tropical feed security: Nutritional potential, economic viability, and environmental impact

¹ Food Security, Innovation and Development Research Centre, School of Technology Management & Logistics, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
² Faculty Of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kampus Jeli, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.

^* Corresponding author: risyawati@uum.edu.my

Abstract

The anticipated global population growth to 9.7 billion by 2050 underscores the urgent need to identify sustainable protein sources to support future food systems. Traditional livestock production methods place a heavy burden on environmental resources, contributing significantly to climate change, water scarcity, and biodiversity loss. Consequently, the global community is exploring plant-based protein alternatives that are more ecologically viable and cost-effective. This study explores the nutritional and environmental potential of Azolla pinnata, an aquatic fern with remarkable protein content, as an alternative feed ingredient for poultry and aquaculture. Through biochemical analysis and feasibility studies, the research confirms Azolla pinnata’s protein yield ranges between 20–30% in dry weight, comparable to soybean, making it a highly valuable substitute for imported feed ingredients like maize and soy meal. The study also discusses cultivation challenges, including growth inconsistency and environmental sensitivity, while proposing strategies such as controlled environment agriculture and integrated aquaponic systems for large-scale production. The findings indicate that Azolla could significantly reduce feed cost, enhance local agricultural resilience, and improve Malaysia’s feed security, especially in reducing dependency on imported maize and soya. These results also align closely with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in addressing zero hunger, climate action, and sustainable agriculture.