HIV-1 subtypes and drug resistance among patients with virological failure on antiretroviral therapy in Jayapura City: A cross sectional study

¹ Doctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, 60131 Surabaya, Indonesia
² Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, 16915 Bogor, Indonesia
³ Airlangga Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, 60115 Surabaya, Indonesia
⁴ Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, 60286 Surabaya, Indonesia
⁵ Center for Biomedical Research, National Research and Innovation Agency, 16911 Bogor, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics and patterns of antiretroviral resistance among patients who experienced confirmed virologic failure in Jayapura, Papua. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed for this research. Blood samples were collected from 16 patients exhibiting virologic failure. HIV-1 subtypes were determined using the HIV Sequence Database, while mutations associated with antiretroviral resistance were analyzed through the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database. Majority of patients with virologic failure were women aged between 25 and 54 years, most of whom were classified at clinical stage III, with CD4 counts below 350 cells/mm³ and viral loads ranging from 3 to 5 log₁₀ copies/mL. CRF01_AE was identified as the predominant HIV-1 subtype (62.5%), followed by subtype B (37.5%). Among resistance mutations, K103N was the most commonly observed within the NNRTI class, while M184 V was the leading mutation associated with NRTIs. In the Jayapura cohort, CRF01_AE and subtype B were the main HIV-1 variants among patients experiencing virologic failure. The mutations most frequently detected were K103N for NNRTIs and M184V for NRTIs. These findings provide valuable insights into local HIV-1 subtype prevalence and resistance patterns, offering evidence that can guide the formulation of more effective treatment strategies in the region.