Recent advancement in Paraben Detection: Journey towards high sensitivity, selectivity, cost-effective AI-driven approaches

Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida A-10, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh- 201309, India

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Abstract

Parabens, alkyl or aryl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid are commonly used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, medicines and food products due to their efficacy, stability and cost-effectiveness. Still, there are serious concerns about endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, carcinogenic potential and related metabolic and cardiovascular effects mediated through hormone receptor interactions because of their widespread use, effective dermal absorption and systemic bioavailability. Despite their excellent accuracy, conventional detection methods such as colorimetric assays and chromatographic procedures (GC-MS, LC- MS) are constrained by cost, time and operational complexity. The development of sensitive and selective sensor-based platforms, such as electrochemical, optical and nanomaterial- enabled biosensors that can quickly detect in complicated matrices has been the focus of recent developments. Artificial intelligence, enzyme engineering and microfluidic systems integration. Real-time monitoring and forecasting skills are further improved by (AI)-driven analytics. The molecular principles underpinning paraben toxicity are thoroughly covered in this study, which also highlights new biosensing techniques for creating affordable, portable and high-performing detection systems.