In vitro evaluation of nanoemulsion formulations of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. and Persea americana Mill. extracts as anti-urolithiasis agents

¹ Division of Pharmacy, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
² Research Center for Nanotechnology System, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a condition characterized by the formation of stones in the urinary tract due to crystal deposits. The disease has a high prevalence in various countries. Efforts to prevent urolithiasis using conventional therapy are still limited. The use of a combination of traditional medicinal plants, Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. and Persea americana Mill., which contain quercetin, sinensetin, and rosmarinic acid, has emerged as an alternative treatment due to their potential as anti-urolithiasis agents that can support efforts to prevent stone formation. A major challenge in utilizing these two plants is harnessing their bioactive compounds, which are poorly water-soluble and have limited bioavailability. The aim of this study is to formulate a stable nanoemulsion. Nanoemulsion formulations were developed to improve solubility and bioavailability using the SNEDDS method with extract ratios of 1:4 and 4:1, and in vitro drug release tests were performed. The solubility tests showed that the best solvents were Tween 80, Span 80, and IPM, and the pseudo-ternary phase diagram showed a 1:1 ratio. Characterization and in vitro results indicated stability and rapid, substantial release of active compounds. This study demonstrates that the formulation combining both plants is effective in providing anti-urolithiasis activity.