Growing Season Average Temperature (GST) as calculated by the 1986–2005 WRF-ERA simulation. The circles represent 9 × 9 km cell centres. Each WRF cell is associated with its GST value (°C). WRF cells with highest GST values are coloured with red tones whereas cooler areas are depicted with bluish tones. The DRR limits are represented with its main subdivisions (Baixo Corgo, Cima Corgo, and Douro Superior), main river courses and grapevine cultivated areas.