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All issues Volume 27 (2020) BIO Web Conf., 27 (2020) 00009 Full HTML
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BIO Web Conf.
Volume 27, 2020
International Scientific-Practical Conference “Agriculture and Food Security: Technology, Innovation, Markets, Human Resources” (FIES 2020)
Article Number 00009
Number of page(s) 5
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700009
Published online 25 November 2020

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Improving the existing technologies and developing new effective ones for processing agricultural raw materials has always been one of the urgent tasks of the food industry [1–10]. As for dairy products, cheese occupies a special place. The uniqueness of this product lies in its special chemical composition, which includes a whole range of biologically active components that have a beneficial effect on human health [11–16]. However, the specificity of the physico-chemical composition determines the low shelf life and the need to use refrigeration equipment for its storage [17–22].

One of the possible ways of preserving and processing this type of material is vacuum dehydration. Properly selected modes provide high efficiency of this process [23–25]. Factors influencing the vacuum drying process are the modes of the drying unit itself (heating temperature, method of supplying heat, residual pressure, etc.), as well as the geometric characteristics of the product itself and its physicochemical composition [26–31].

2 Materials and methods

For the drying process, an installation was used, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 1.

The experimental installation includes a drying chamber 2, where a product is loaded into a pallet mounted on a weight sensor. In addition, the chamber has two infrared lamps, as well as temperature and pressure sensors. The air from the chamber is evacuated by a vacuum pump 1. The air passes through the desublimator 6; the moisture from the air is frozen on the evaporator of the refrigerating machine. This is necessary to reduce the load on the vacuum pump. The refrigeration unit consists of a compressor 3, an air capacitor 4, a liquid separator 5, a receiver 7, an evaporator and a thermostatic valve 9.

The installation works in the following way. The test sample is loaded into a drying chamber, which is hermetically sealed with a lid. Further, a vacuum pump is introduced to lower the pressure in the chamber. When the set residual pressure is set in the chamber, infrared heating lamps are turned on and vacuum drying begins. The chamber is equipped with temperature, mass and pressure sensors, which allow controlling the process of moisture removal. Signals from the sensors through the converter come to the computer, where the data are continuously registered.

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Scheme of an experimental vacuum drying installation: 1 – vacuum pump, 2 – working chamber, 3 – compressor, 4 – capacitor, 5 – liquid separator, 6 – desublimator, 7 – receiver, 8 – vacuum gauge, 9 – thermostatic expansion valve

3 Results and discussion

The purpose of the current work was to study the influence of the cheese components’ content on the process of vacuum dehydration of cheeses.

The product was dried at a heating temperature (60 ± 3) °С, a residual pressure of 2–3 kPa and a heat flow density of 5.5 ± 0.3 kW/m². Before the product loading into the chamber, the cheese was cut into cubes measuring 10x10x10 mm. Cheese of the following brands was used: “Rizhskiy”, “Gollandskiy” and “Kostromskoy”.

The duration of vacuum drying for cheeses with a layer thickness of 10 mm was 200 minutes, and with a layer thickness of 30 mm – 300 minutes.

Figure 2 shows graphs of the speed of cheese drying.

According to the presented graphs, three periods of drying speed can be distinguished:

The period of increasing drying speed. For “Kostromskoy” and “Gollandskiy” cheeses, this period lasts up to a moisture content of 35–36 %, for “Rizhskiy” cheese – up to a moisture content of 46 %. At this stage, about 16–18 % of the moisture is removed.

The period of constant drying speed. During this period, about 24 % of moisture is removed from “Rizhskiy” cheese and 15 % from “Gollandskiy” and “Kostromskoy”.

The period of the falling drying speed. At this stage, 16–18 % moisture is removed.

The highest rate of moisture removal occurs in the second period and amounts 0.8, 0.65 and 0.64 %/min for “Rizhskiy”, “Gollandskiy” and “Kostromskoy” cheeses respectively. The higher drying speed of the “Rizhskiy” cheese is explained by its high moisture content. Thus, with an increase in the mass fraction of moisture in cheeses, the dehydration rate and the duration of the period of constant drying speed increase.

Figure 3 shows the dependence of the process duration of cheese vacuum dehydration on the mass fraction of fat.

It was found that with an increase in the mass fraction of fat in dry matter from 10 to 20 %, the duration of dehydration process increases by 4 %. With a further increase in the mass fraction of fat from 20 to 50 %, the drying time increases by 54 %.

This phenomenon occurs due to the hydration properties of cheeses. Water builds a shell around the globular fat. The shell of globular fats is able to bind practically the same amount of moisture as the proteins do themselves.

In other words, with an increase in the mass fraction of fat, there is an increase in the binding energy of water, thereby increasing the duration of dehydration. Moreover, with an increase in the mass fraction of fat, the rate of moisture removal decreases.

Figure 4 shows a graph of the dependence of the cheese drying speed on the mass fraction of fat.

It was found that for cheeses, which have the mass fraction of fat in dry matter in the range from 10 to 50 %, a change in the mass fraction of fat by 1 % changes the duration of dehydration by 4.25 minutes and the drying rate by 0.0065 %/min.

Further, studies were conducted to analyze the effect of salt content on the vacuum drying process.

Such factors as the duration of salting, the moisture content of the product, its geometric characteristics, concentration and temperature of the salt brine have influence on the content of solt component in cheeses. For cheeses “Rizhskiy”, “Gollandskiy” and “Kostromskoy” salt content accounts for 1.5–2.5; 2–3.5 and 1.5–2.5 % respectively.

When cheese is immersed in a concentrated or saturated solution of table salt, the difference in the concentrations of the aqueous phases of the cheese and brine promotes the salt to diffuse into the product and the aqueous phase of the cheese to migrate back to the brine. This diffusion process is characterized by a slow flow pattern. A simplified equation, that provides a fairly accurate definition of the salting degree (S) of cheese placed in brine, is written as follows [1]:

S=2⋅C⋅AV.(D⋅tπ)1/2$$ S = 2 \cdot C \cdot \frac{A}{V}.\left( {\frac{D \cdot t}{\pi }} \right)^{1/2} $$(1)

where S is expressed in grams of salt per 100g of water; C is a concentration of brine, g of salt per 100g of water; A is a surface area of cheese, cm²; V is a volume of cheese, cm³; t is a duration of salting cheese in salt brine, hour or day; D is the specific coefficient of salt diffusion for a given cheese mass, cm²/h or cm²/day.

When cheese is placed in salt brine, the latter is gradually saturated with the dissolved substances. In parallel, there occurs its slow dilution. On the other hand, the mass and size of the cheese heads after salting are less than before salting (the mass of cheese heads after salting is 96–98 % of the original one).

These facts indicate that with the absorption of salt by the product, the moisture content in it simultaneously decreases. At the same time, part of the moisture that remains in the cheese takes on more energy-intensive forms of contact with dry matter. While the process of cheese ripening, moisture passes from a free to a bound form.

Figure 5 presents graphs of the cheese drying speed with different mass proportion of table salt.

It was established that with an increase in the concentration of table salt within the same mass fraction of cheese moisture 53–55 %, a decrease in the rate of dehydration is observed. During a period of constant drying speed at a concentration of sodium chloride 1 %, the drying speed is 0.98 % / min; 2 % – 0.8 % /min; 3 % – 0.72 % /min; 4 % – 0.54 % /min. This occurs because with an increase in salt concentration, moisture in the cheese goes into more energy-intensive connections.

The binding of table salt to moisture is confirmed with a decrease in the activity of cheese water. With an increase in salt concentration, the activity of water in cheeses decreases before and after drying (Table 1).

It was found that with an increase in the concentration of table salt from 1 to 4 %, the water activity of cheese before drying changes by 0.131; after drying – by 0.174. It should be noted that the activity of water decreases more with an increase in the concentration of table salt in cheeses over 2.5 %.

thumbnail Fig. 2.

The speed of cheese drying, depending on the mass fraction of moisture: 1 – “Rizhskiy”; 2 – “Gollandskiy”; 3 – “Kostromskoy”.
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The dependence graphs of the cheese drying time on the mass fraction of fat
thumbnail Fig. 4.

The dependence of the cheese drying speed on the mass fraction of fat
thumbnail Fig. 5.

The graphs of vacuum drying speed of cheeses with a concentration of salt: 1 – 1 %; 2 – 2 %; 3– 3 %; 4 – 4 %.
Table 1.

The water activity of cheese before and after drying, depending on the concentration of table salt.

4 Conclusion

Thus, it was found that for cheeses with the same mass fraction of fat and moisture, the duration of the drying process is almost equal. The highest drying rate for cheeses is 0.8–1.05 %/min. With increasing mass fraction of moisture in cheeses, the rate of moisture removal and the duration of the period of constant drying speed consequently increase.

It was found that with an increase in the concentration of table salt with the same mass fraction of cheese moisture in the range of 53–55 %, a decrease in the rate of dehydration is observed as well. With an increase in salt content in cheeses, a decrease in water activity is also established.

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All Tables

Table 1.

The water activity of cheese before and after drying, depending on the concentration of table salt.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Scheme of an experimental vacuum drying installation: 1 – vacuum pump, 2 – working chamber, 3 – compressor, 4 – capacitor, 5 – liquid separator, 6 – desublimator, 7 – receiver, 8 – vacuum gauge, 9 – thermostatic expansion valve
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

The speed of cheese drying, depending on the mass fraction of moisture: 1 – “Rizhskiy”; 2 – “Gollandskiy”; 3 – “Kostromskoy”.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The dependence graphs of the cheese drying time on the mass fraction of fat
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

The dependence of the cheese drying speed on the mass fraction of fat
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

The graphs of vacuum drying speed of cheeses with a concentration of salt: 1 – 1 %; 2 – 2 %; 3– 3 %; 4 – 4 %.
In the text

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