Open Access
Table 2.
Handspring backward joint angles kinematics.
| Kinematic parameters | Gymnast | Take off | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knee joint | coxofemoral (hip) joint | humeral joint | ulnar joint | ||
| Joint angle, degree | Highly qualified | 124.1°±4.2° | 213.8°±35.1° | 214.4°±9.9° | 174.1°±3.2° |
| Junior | 133.9°±6.5° | 203.2°±25.2° | 196.7°±6.6° | 178.2°±6.6° | |
| T‐test | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p>0.05 | |
| Angular velocity, rad/s | Highly qualified | ‐0.59±0.2 | ‐5.67±1.6 | ‐1.91±0.9 | ‐0.59±0.4 |
| Junior | ‐1.19±1.4 | ‐4.91±0.9 | ‐1.19±0.6 | ‐1.08±0.6 | |
| T‐test | p>0.05 | p>0.05 | p>0.05 | p>0.05 | |
| Angular acceleration, rad/s2 | Highly qualified | 9.0±2.1 | ‐14.1±10.3 | ‐8.7±5.4 | 1.8±1.2 |
| Junior | 15.8±4.0 | 5.5±17.4 | ‐6.5±7.5 | 5.8±3.1 | |
| T‐test | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | |
| Push off | |||||
| Joint angle, degree | Highly qualified | 148.9°±11.8° | 171.4°±26.3° | 205.5°±14.5° | 176.3°±2.8° |
| Junior | 147.6°±5.0° | 189.7°±17.5° | 192.8°±6.1° | 173.9°±3.3° | |
| T‐test | p>0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p>0.05 | |
| Angular velocity, rad/s | Highly qualified | 1.64±0.6 | 4.35±1.6 | 2.07±0.5 | 0.49±0.5 |
| Junior | 0.9±0.6 | 3.26±0.7 | 1.23±0.3 | ‐0.42±0.4 | |
| T‐test | p>0.05 | p˂0.05 | p>0.05 | p>0.05 | |
| Angular acceleration, rad/s2 | Highly qualified | 3.3±1.4 | 4.2±12.7 | ‐5.9±8.7 | ‐2.8±2.9 |
| Junior | ‐7.6±6.4 | 8.4±19.4 | 5.1±7.3 | 1.0±3.1 | |
| T‐test | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | p˂0.05 | |
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