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All issues Volume 33 (2021) BIO Web Conf., 33 (2021) 04001 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
BIO Web Conf.
Volume 33, 2021
The 1st International Conference of Advanced Veterinary Science and Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICAVESS 2021)
Article Number 04001
Number of page(s) 5
Section Livestock and Food Biosafety
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304001
Published online 23 August 2021

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

The gembrong goat (Capra aegagrus) is an Indonesian native goat that originated on the island of Bali. This goat is designated an Indonesian goat breed by the Ministry of Agriculture Decision No: 696/Kpts/Pd.410/2/2013. The Gembrong goat has adult weights of 20 kg (female) and 40 kg (male), wither heights of 55 cm (female) and 66 cm (male), body lengths of 50 cm (female) and 65 cm (male), and chest girths of 64 cm (female) and 76 cm (male). Thus, Gembrong ewes show sexual maturity at 18 months through reproductive traits such as gestation length of five months, oestrous length of 18 hours, and postpartum oestrous at 63 days, with 1-2 kids per parity [1]. However, there is no recent report on the origin of the Gembrong goat has recently. In addition, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of the Gembrong goat had subhaplogroup B1, which was similar to Kacang, Ettawa grade, Black Bengal (Bangladesh), and native Philippine goats [2].

Unfortunately, the Gembrong goat is critically endangered. In 2017, the total number in Tumbu Village was 33 [3]. As a result of the small population size, there is a risk of inbreeding of Gembrong goats. Using primary data from a prior study, the purpose of this study was to estimate the inbreeding coefficient (Fx), inbreeding rate (IR), and inbreeding probability (PI) in the Gembrong population. The results of the study can develop breeding and conservation programs for Gembrong goats in the future.

2 Materials and Methods

The pedigree data of the Gembrong goat consisting of six ewes and three rams (Fig. 2) were obtained from a previous study in Tumbu village, Karangasem Regency, Bali Province of Indonesia, with a different scope [4]. As a result, the mating pathway in this study was designed based on Figure 3. Furthermore, twenty Gembrong goats consisting of eleven ewes and nine rams were monitored at Tumbu Village and used in this study to estimate the inbreeding coefficient(Fx), inbreeding rate (IR), and inbreeding probability (PI).

The inbreeding coefficient (Fx) value in an inbred kid was calculated using a mathematical formula [5] based on Figure 3:

Fis=∑ [ (0.5)n+1(1+Fa) ]$${F_{is}} = \sum {\left[ {{{(0.5)}^{n + 1}}(1 + {F_a})} \right]} $$(1)

Where, F is is the inbred kid; n is the number of line in the mating pathway; Fa is the inbreeding coefficient in the parental.

The inbreeding rate (IR) in Gembrong population was calculated using a mathematical formula [6] as follows:

IR=18(NS)+18(NI)$$IR = {1 \over {8({N_S})}} + {1 \over {8({N_I})}}$$(2)

Where, IR is the inbreeding rate; Ns is the number of sire (ram); NI is the number of dam (ewe).

The inbreeding probability (PI) value in F1 Gembrong goat population was calculated using some mathematical formula [7] as follow:

PI=NMINMG$${P_I} = {{{N_{MI}}} \over {{N_{MG}}}}$$(3)

NMP=Ns×NI$${N_{MP}} = {N_s} \times {N_I}$$(4)

NMG=(NMP−1)×(NMP×0.5)$${N_{MG}} = ({N_{MP}} - 1) \times ({N_{MP}} \times 0.5)$$(5)

NMI=[ (Ns+NI)−2 ]×(NMP×0.5)$${N_{MI}} = \left[ {({N_s} + {N_I}) - 2} \right] \times ({N_{MP}} \times 0.5)$$(6)

Where, PI is the inbreeding probability; NMP is the number of mating pairs combination in parental; NMG is the number of mating pairs combination in first generation (F1); NMI is the number of inbreeding-mate pairs combination in F1 offspring; Ns is the number of sire (ram); NI is the number of dam (ewe).

thumbnail Fig. 1.

A Gembrong ram (left) and ewe (right)
thumbnail Fig. 2.

The pedigree scheme in an inbred Gembrong kid (Fx) at Tumbu Village arranged from a previous study [4] with modification. Total of six ewes (○) and three rams (□) were recorded as the parental of inbred kid. The numbers in the symbol are goats ID
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The scheme of mating pathway in rams (S) and ewes (I) to produce an inbred kid (Fx). The numbers in the symbol are goats ID

3 Results and Discussion

Table 1 shows the inbreeding coefficient (Fis) value of an observed kid has an Fx value of 0.413. Meanwhile, the Fis value in an inbred Banteng calf at the Surabaya Zoo was 0.42 [8], comparable to the present study. When the Fx value is higher than 0.125, it is classified as high [9]. Furthermore, a Fis value greater than 0.30 can reduce productivity, increase mortality, and genetic disorders [10]. Moreover, the Fis value of 0.125 caused the death of a Bali calf [11]. In most cases, genetic diversity in an inbred population was low, as seen by a large proportion of individuals with recessive homozygote frequency. As a result, the recessive homozygote allele harms the metabolic system, potentially causing mortality or genetic diseases.

Table 2 shows that the inbreeding rate (IR) in the Gembrong goat population was 0.025. Meanwhile, the IR value in the Banteng population in the Surabaya Zoo was 0.043 [8], which was higher than the value in this study. An IR value greater than 0.02 [12] is high, and the inbreeding probability (PI) among F1 Gembrong goats was 0.184, which was low (PI0.50). Inbreeding can be reduced by increasing the number of sires used to produce frozen sperm (straw). In a small population, a recording system is essential for managing mating combinations among animals. Regardless, crossbreeding with other breeds with similar characteristics is essential to maintain desirable traits. Alternatively, Angora ram sperm from Turkey or India might be imported to Indonesia for crossbreeding or grading-up programs. Furthermore, the Angora goat and the Gembrong goat have similar traits. However, genetic introgression from other purebred breeds will reduce the population of purebred Gembrong goats. In addition, the embryo transfer (ET) method can be applied to Gembrong goat as one of the conservation programs for Gembrong goats in the future.

N: number of individuals

Table 1.

The inbreeding coefficient of in an inbred Gembrong kid

Table 2.

The inbreeding rate (IR) in Gembrong goat population at Tumbu Village

4 Conclusion

The Gembrong goat in Tumbu Village was endangered due to its high IR and Fis values. Therefore, random mating will result in around 18% of inbred mates among F1 (offspring). In the future, the Gembrong goat recording system will be essential for reducing inbreeding.

References

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All Tables

Table 1.

The inbreeding coefficient of in an inbred Gembrong kid

In the text
Table 2.

The inbreeding rate (IR) in Gembrong goat population at Tumbu Village

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

A Gembrong ram (left) and ewe (right)
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

The pedigree scheme in an inbred Gembrong kid (Fx) at Tumbu Village arranged from a previous study [4] with modification. Total of six ewes (○) and three rams (□) were recorded as the parental of inbred kid. The numbers in the symbol are goats ID
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The scheme of mating pathway in rams (S) and ewes (I) to produce an inbred kid (Fx). The numbers in the symbol are goats ID
In the text

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