Open Access
Table 4
Quantification of aroma compounds by GC-MS.
| Aroma compounds* | Control | GMP100 | GMP50 | GMP25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetate Esters | ||||
| Ethyl acetate§ | 64.3 ± 0.9b | 127 ± 39a | 95.1 ± 5.7ab | 84.7 ± 3.7ab |
| Isobutyl acetate | 55.0 ± 6.4c | 184 ± 12b | 223 ± 7a | 214 ± 6a |
| 2-Methylbutyl acetate | 431 ± 40 | ND | ND | ND |
| Isoamyl acetate§ | 0.33 ± 0.02c | 1.71 ± 0.51b | 2.21 ± 0.09ab | 2.64 ± 0.07a |
| Hexyl acetate | 13.6 ± 1.0d | 48.6 ± 12.7c | 73.5 ± 0.9b | 110 ± 8a |
| Octyl acetate | 6.09 ± 0.15c | 8.86 ± 1.31bc | 11.7 ± 0.9ab | 14.2 ± 1.8a |
| Ethyl Esters | ||||
| Ethyl isobutyrate | 38.1 ± 1.32a | 27.3 ± 4.43b | 26.5 ± 0.69b | 26.3 ± 0.78b |
| Ethyl butyrate | 247 ± 15a | 370 ± 104a | 366 ± 17a | 385 ± 8a |
| Ethyl lactate§ | 1.14 ± 0.06b | 2.04 ± 0.14a | 1.20 ± 0.16b | 1.04 ± 0.06b |
| Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate | 6.32 ± 0.62a | 2.84 ± 0.09b | 2.60 ± 0.19b | 2.41 ± 0.20b |
| Ethyl isovalerate | 7.21 ± 0.36a | 4.80 ± 0.96b | 3.98 ± 0.11b | 3.65 ± 0.05b |
| Ethyl pentanoate | 1.50 ± 0.04ab | 1.74 ± 0.39a | 1.18 ± 0.06ab | 1.12 ± 0.16b |
| Ethyl hexanoate§ | 0.68 ± 0.04b | 0.98 ± 0.27ab | 1.02 ± 0.04ab | 1.11 ± 0.05a |
| Ethyl heptanoate | 4.82 ± 0.20a | 2.60 ± 0.60b | 2.15 ± 0.03b | 2.22 ± 0.22b |
| 2-Phenylethyl acetate | 43.1 ± 1.0d | 98.0 ± 2.9c | 203 ± 5b | 311 ± 8a |
| Ethyl octanoate§ | 1.09 ± 0.13b | 1.75 ± 0.61ab | 1.78 ± 0.08ab | 2.16 ± 0.32a |
| Diethyl succinate | 299 ± 29b | 661 ± 111a | 435 ± 44b | 273 ± 68b |
| Ethyl cinnamate | 1.85 ± 0.36a | 1.37 ± 0.11ab | 1.08 ± 0.04b | 0.89 ± 0.01b |
| Ethyl hydrocinnamate | 115 ± 5b | 137 ± 9a | 123 ± 3ab | 98.6 ± 3.9c |
| Ethyl decanoate§ | 0.48 ± 0.05b | 1.15 ± 0.39a | 1.24 ± 0.11a | 1.59 ± 0.13a |
| Volatile fatty acids(FA) | ||||
| Acetic acid§ | 15.4 ± 0.9b | 19.6 ± 1.6a | 9.74 ± 0.76c | 6.48 ± 0.43d |
| Butyric acid | 128 ± 8a | 115 ± 10a | 123 ± 1a | 123 ± 2a |
| Isobutyric acid | 248 ± 12a | 190 ± 17b | 170 ± 2bc | 152 ± 1c |
| 2-methylbutyric acid | 160 ± 5a | 86.5 ± 3.0c | 96.5 ± 1.1b | 91.3 ± 1.8bc |
| Isovaleric acid | 165 ± 5a | 120 ± 4bc | 123 ± 1b | 114 ± 1c |
| Hexanoic acid | 339 ± 23ab | 242 ± 6c | 321 ± 4b | 367 ± 14a |
| Octanoic acid | 183 ± 14c | 148 ± 5d | 239 ± 1b | 307 ± 6a |
| Higher alcohols | ||||
| Isobutyl alcohol§ | 46.9 ± 3.2a | 49.2 ± 8.1a | 42.9 ± 3.2a | 40.3 ± 2.2a |
| Isoamyl alcohol§ | 255 ± 14b | 346 ± 66a | 296 ± 17ab | 279 ± 3ab |
| cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | 40.2 ± 2.2a | 35.2 ± 7.6ab | 28.6 ± 2.4b | 25.2 ± 2.8b |
| trans-3-Hexen-1-ol | 23.1 ± 1.6a | 19.2 ± 4.1ab | 15.6 ± 0.6b | 13.9 ± 0.5b |
| trans-2-Hexen-1-ol | 10.6 ± 0.9a | 5.27 ± 2.15b | 4.15 ± 0.10b | 4.20 ± 0.75b |
| 1-Hexanol§ | 4.32 ± 0.30a | 2.03 ± 0.44b | 1.75 ± 0.04b | 1.78 ± 0.06b |
| 1-Heptanol | 70.5 ± 4.0a | 19.0 ± 3.9b | 11.6 ± 0.1c | 9.09 ± 0.41c |
| Phenylethyl alcohol§ | 65.1 ± 3.9a | 75.0 ± 16.2a | 69.0 ± 2.8a | 64.9 ± 1.7a |
| 1-Octanol | 53.1 ± 0.4a | 37.0 ± 1.8b | 38.3 ± 2.1b | 31.3 ± 6.4b |
| Aldehydes | ||||
| Benzaldehyde | 51.4 ± 2.5a | 25.1 ± 7.5b | 22.8 ± 0.6b | 26.5 ± 0.8b |
| Volatile phenols | ||||
| Phenol | 5.72 ± 0.33a | 5.66 ± 0.20a | 5.68 ± 0.15a | 5.58 ± 0.16a |
| Guaiacol | 9.56 ± 0.48a | 8.76 ± 0.28a | 6.58 ± 0.31b | 5.79 ± 0.09b |
| 4-Ethyl guaiacol | 0.51 ± 0.18a | 0.18 ± 0.01b | 0.17 ± 0.01b | 0.20 ± 0.01b |
| Eugenol | 6.75 ± 0.94a | 3.27 ± 0.26c | 4.40 ± 0.18bc | 5.37 ± 0.14b |
| Norisoprenoids | ||||
| β-Damascenone | 24.8 ± 0.2a | 19.6 ± 0.6c | 20.6 ± 1.0bc | 22.1 ± 0.7b |
| α-Ionone | 0.06 ± 0.00a | 0.05 ± 0.00b | 0.05 ± 0.00b | 0.04 ± 0.00c |
| β-Ionone | 1.96 ± 0.10ab | 1.97 ± 0.08a | 1.83 ± 0.22ab | 1.60 ± 0.11b |
| Monoterpenes | ||||
| Geraniol | 14.6 ± 1.0a | 12.1 ± 1.0ab | 11.3 ± 0.9bc | 9.19 ± 1.05c |
| Linalool | 81.5 ± 5.4a | 55.2 ± 9.8b | 53.7 ± 14.9b | 52.7 ± 3.7b |
| Nerol | 9.01 ± 0.57a | 4.80 ± 0.77b | 5.27 ± 0.87b | 3.86 ± 0.48b |
| Citronellol | 15.2 ± 1.0a | 8.44 ± 0.58b | 8.51 ± 1.46b | 8.84 ± 1.04b |
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