Dissecting the susceptibility/resistance mechanism of Vitis vinifera for the future control of downy mildew

¹ Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan, Italy
² Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Milan, Italy
³ Department of Biosciences, Milan, Italy
⁴ Edmund Mach Foundation, Research and Innovation Centre, San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
⁵ National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahrak-e Pajoohesh, km 15, Tehran Karaj Highway, Tehran, Iran
⁶ Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
⁷ National Wine Agency of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
⁸ Caucasus International University, Tbilisi, Georgia

^* Corresponding author: gabriella.delorenzis@unimi.it; silvia.toffolatti@unimi.it

Abstract

The Eurasian grapevine (Vitis vinifera), a species cultivated worldwide for high-quality wine production, is extremely susceptible to the agent of downy mildew, Plasmopara viticola. Nevertheless, germplasm from Georgia (Southern Caucasus, the first grapevine domestication centre), characterized by a high genetic variability, showed resistance traits to P. viticola. The cultivar Mgaloblishvili exhibited the most promising phenotype in terms of resistance against P. viticola. Its defence response results in: i) low disease intensity; ii) low sporulation; iii) damaged mycelium; iv) production of antimicrobial compounds such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), whose effectiveness on the pathogen was evaluated by leafdisc assays. At the transcriptomic level, its resistance mechanism is determined by the differential expression of both resistance and susceptible genes. The resistance genes are related to: i) pathogen recognition through PAMP, DAMP and effector receptors; ii) ethylene signalling pathway; iii) synthesis of antimicrobial compounds (VOCs) and fungal wall degrading enzymes; iv) development of structural barriers (cell wall reinforcement). The first putative susceptible gene was the transcription factor VviLBDIf7 gene, whose validation was carried out by dsRNA (double-stranded RNA) assay. In this work, these unique results on plant-pathogen interaction are reviewed with the aim of developing new strategies to control the disease.