Analysis of Environmental Health Conditions in Indonesia: A Study Based on Housing and Environmental Health Indicators and the Indonesian Health Profile

Center for Public Health and Nutrition Research, Health Research Organization, National Agency for Research and Innovation, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

^* Corresponding kingwawan@gmail.com

Abstract

This study explores the current state of environmental health and adequate housing in Indonesia by analysing nationally representative data from the Statistic Indonesia (BPS, 2022–2024) and the Ministry of Health’s Indonesia Health Profile (2021–2023), complemented by international datasets. The study identifies trends, disparities, and associations between environmental conditions and health outcomes using descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and regression models. The results show gradual improvements in access to safe drinking water, sanitation, durable housing, and clean energy. However, significant disparities persist, particularly between urban and rural populations. For instance, access to safe water in rural areas remains 9.5 percentage points lower than in urban areas, while inadequate sanitation is still linked to higher risks of communicable diseases. Furthermore, only 65.25% of households met all adequacy criteria in 2024, falling short of universal targets. Based on these findings, the study proposes data-driven strategies, including stronger intersectoral policy integration, targeted infrastructure investment, expansion of community-based programs, and acceleration of clean energy adoption. These strategies are intended to close equity gaps, reduce disease burden, and improve overall population health. The study concludes that housing and environmental health are integral to public well-being and must be addressed through coordinated, inclusive, and sustainable development policies.