Association between Climate, Socio-Economic, and Environmental Factors to Diarrhea in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

¹ Doctoral Program of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia,Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia
² Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor District, West Java 16915, Indonesia
³ Faculty of Medicine, Pattimura University, Ambon, Maluku, Indonesia
⁴ Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok 16424, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: khadijah.azhar@gmail.com

Abstract

Diarrhea is a significant health problem in Indonesia, particularly in developing regions where the disease is endemic. A substantial number of its cases arise from the contamination of food and water sources. The study focused on West Nusa Tenggara Province, which had a high prevalence rate of diarrhea. It aimed to examine the influence of climate, environmental factors, and regional attributes on diarrhea.The study results can be used to develop region-specific strategies to reduce outbreaks. An ecological method was adopted and data from 10 districts/cities were analyzed. Negative binomial regression was used to evaluate the relationship between monthly diarrhea cases from 2017 to 2020 and climate variables, access to water-sanitatio-nhygiene (WASH), population density, and well-being indices over the same period. The results showed that rising temperatures increased the number of cases (IRR: 1.095; 95%CI: 1.043-1.149), while relative humidity served as a protective variable. Limited access to drinking water and sanitation increased the risk of diarrhea (IRR: 1,082; 95% IC: 1,056-1,110). Higher temperatures often led to drought, complicating access to safe water sources. Therefore, there was an urgent need for enhanced development of accessible WASH infrastructure, particularly for underserved communities.