Income Risk Analysis and Sustainability of Shallot Farming in Bantul Yogyakarta, Indonesia

¹ Center for Study of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
² Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia
³ Faculty of Technology Management and Technopreneurship, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia

^* Corresponding author: triyono@umy.ac.id

Abstract

This study examines three key aspects of shallot farming in Srigading Village: (1) farmers' income, the associated income risks, and their determining factors; (2) the overall sustainability performance of the farming system; and (3) the relationship between income and sustainability indicators. The research location was purposively selected, and 100 farmers were surveyed using proportional random sampling. Data were analyzed through descriptive quantitative methods, including risk analysis, sustainability index assessment, multiple linear regression, and Spearman rank correlation. Findings indicate that average farmer income reached IDR 9,589,576 per season. However, the income risk was high, with a coefficient of variation of 1.16 (116%), reflecting extreme seasonal volatility and substantial uncertainty for farmers. Income was significantly influenced by KCl fertilizer costs, organic fertilizer expenditure, and labor inputs, while income risk was affected by the costs of KCl fertilizer, labor, NPK fertilizer, and organic fertilizers. The sustainability index reached 52.80, indicating moderate sustainability. Although income showed no significant correlation with the overall sustainability score, it was positively associated with economic sustainability and negatively associated with ecological and social dimensions.