Optimization of Concentration and Frequency of Nutrient Application Based on Goat Manure Concentrate in Orchid Nurseries (Phalaenopsis amabilis) in a Smart Farming System

¹ Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia
² Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia
³ Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia
⁴ Centre for Food Security Studies, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia
⁵ Agro-Renew Centre for Energy, Water, Environmental Technologies, Universitas Islam Malang, Malang 65144, Indonesia

¹ Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Achieving optimal flower quality depends on precise cultivation practices, particularly in managing environmental and nutritional factors. Inadequate nutrient management can reduce vegetative growth, photosynthetic pigment levels, and flower quality, while suboptimal water and nutrient regulation often hamper seedling productivity. Because moon orchids require specific humidity, watering frequency, and nutrient concentrations, smart farming technology is needed to control these conditions accurately. This study investigated the interaction between nutrient concentration and application frequency on the growth of Phalaenopsis orchids in a smart farming system, employing a factorial randomised block design. Treatments included nutrient concentrations of 30%, 3%, and 0.3% (v/v) and application frequencies of once, twice, and three times daily at two-day intervals. Observed variables included leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and plant weight gain. Results showed no significant interaction between the two factors across all parameters. However, the 0.3% concentration produced the best growth response, comparable to 3%, while 30% inhibited growth. Application frequency significantly affected leaf area and weight gain, with once- and twice-daily treatments yielding similar results. Overall, low nutrient concentrations (0.3-3%) applied once or twice daily were identified as the most efficient and sustainable strategy for cultivating Phalaenopsis orchids in smart farming systems.