Performance of non-biocidal wood modification techniques to enhance the durability of tropical plantation woods against biodeterioration

¹ PNG University of Technology, Lae, 411, Papua New Guinea
² IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
³ National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 10340, Indonesia

^* Corresponding author: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

Abstract

Fast-growing tropical plantation woods are increasingly important as renewable raw materials; however, their high proportion of juvenile wood results in low natural durability, poor dimensional stability, and high susceptibility to biodeterioration. This study reviews and evaluates major non-biocidal wood modification techniques developed to enhance the performance of plantation-grown species without relying on toxic preservatives. The methods assessed include smoked wood, acetylation, furfurylation, polymer impregnation (polystyrene and methyl methacrylate), bio-based polyesterification using sorbitol-citric acid, and wood-plastic composites. Their effectiveness is compared in terms of resistance to termites and fungi, dimensional stability, and mechanical performance. Results reported in the literature show that acetylation and furfurylation provide the highest and most consistent improvements in biological durability and moisture resistance, achieving performance levels comparable to naturally durable species. Polymer-based impregnation and bio-polyesterification significantly enhance stability and strength but require further optimization to reduce cost. Smoked wood offers a low-cost and environmentally benign alternative with moderate protection, while wood-plastic composites provide excellent durability through polymer encapsulation. Overall, non-biocidal modification technologies present a viable pathway for upgrading tropical plantation woods into high-performance and environmentally responsible materials, supporting sustainable utilization and extended service life.