Nematicidal potential of Agro-Industrial byproducts and wastes

Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias. CSIC. Serrano 115 dpdo. 28006 Madrid. Spain.

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Abstract

The widespread use of synthetic pesticides in agriculture has raised significant concerns due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment, driving the need for safer and more sustainable alternatives. Agro-industrial wastes have recently emerged as promising sources of bioactive compounds for the development of natural biopesticides within a circular economy framework. This review examines the nematicidal potential of two main types of processing-derived residues: essential oil hydrolates and biochar obtained from biomass pyrolysis. Hydrolates are aqueous by-products of essential oil distillation containing bioactive constituents such as terpenoids, phenolics, and sulfur compounds. Studies have demonstrated their effectiveness against plant-parasitic nematodes, particularly Meloidogyne species, by inducing juvenile mortality, inhibiting egg hatching, and reducing infection and reproduction in host plants. However, their large-scale application is limited by challenges related to standardization and reproducibility. Biochar, produced through thermochemical conversion of biomass, also exhibits potential for nematode control. Its effects depend on the feedstock and production conditions, acting through both direct toxicity and indirect mechanisms, including improved soil properties, enhanced plant growth, and activation of plant defense responses. Overall, the valorization of these residues offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic nematicides, although further research is needed to optimize their application and ensure consistent efficacy.