Breakfast patterns and nutritional factors in relation to learning achievement among senior high school students: A cross-sectional study

Nutrition Study Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta, Jl. Raya Limo, Depok, 16515, Indonesia

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Abstract

Learning achievement is an important determinant of individual success, as higher learning achievement often leads to improved educational and employment opportunities. Various factors influence learning achievement, including physiological aspects such as nutritional status, diet, and breakfast habits. This study aims to investigate the relationship between breakfast patterns, nutritional factors, and learning achievement among senior high school students. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to June 2025 among 148 students aged 15–18 years, selected by purposive sampling at SMA Negeri 109 Jakarta. Data were collected using questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, two-day breakfast food recalls, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and academic achievement records. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test. The study revealed significant relationships between learning achievement and breakfast patterns (p=0.034), energy intake (p=0.025), macronutrient intake [carbohydrates (p=0.004); protein (p=0.018); fat (p=0.028)], nutritional knowledge (p=0.001), and students’ nutritional status (p=0.031). Breakfast patterns, macronutrient intake, nutritional knowledge, and nutritional status were related to learning achievement among senior high school students in Jakarta.