© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

1 Introduction

Ontogenesis is always associated with a clear work of organs [1, 2]. Here the functioning of the nervous system [3] and the blood system [4, 5] is of great importance. Now researchers give special attention in various animal studies [6–8]. The debut of ontogenesis and the initial state of adaptation in calves and piglets is especially important and are associated with the success of hemocirculation [9]. Blood counts are largely determined by the hemostatic characteristics of platelets, blood vessels, and coagulation [10, 11].

It is clear that the activity of platelets, vascular hemostasis and hemocoagulation affects microcirculation in young animals [12]. The deterioration of hemostasis processes adversely affects the development of adaptive processes and inhibits the growth of calves and piglets [13].

A very vulnerable young growth that was born weakened [14]. It is possible to eliminate asthenia using various biologically active substances, which sometimes eliminate dysfunctions in the body [15]. A commonly used stimulant is gamavit.

However, his ability to influence hemostasis is unclear. For this reason, the following goal was set: to find out changes in hemostatic activity in weakened newborn calves and piglets treated with gamavit.

2 Materials and methods

This work was carried out in strict accordance with ethical standards defined by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals, which are used for experiments (adopted in Strasbourg on March 18, 1986 and confirmed in Strasbourg on June 15, 2006).

Physiologically mature, physically weakened newborn calves and piglets were taken to work. They were obtained from sows by the first farrow and from first-calf cows, which had a body mass below the norm during insemination.

Physically weakened newborn calves with 48 heads were under observation, which were examined twice: on the 1st and 5th day of life. Also 39 weakened newborn piglets, which were examined on the 1st and 5th day of life.

All these animals received injections of gamavit at a dose of 0.03 ml/kg immediately after the first examination once a day, in the morning for 5 days. As a control, the arithmetic mean values were used for 42 healthy newborn calves and 35 newborn piglets, which were examined three times during the neonatal phase.

Platelet aggregation (AP) time was determined by a micromethod with ADP (0.5×10 ⁻⁴ M) and with collagen (1: 2 dilution from the main suspension) [5].

The antiaggregatory capabilities of the vessels were determined during the assessment of antibodies in plasma taken without and against the background of temporary venous occlusion with the calculation of the index of anti-aggregatory activity of the vessel wall.

This was done by dividing the time of AP in plasma taken under conditions of temporary venous occlusion by the duration of AP in plasma taken without it [5]. Vascular control over blood coagulation was determined by the activity of antithrombin III in intact and in plasma obtained from blood after temporary venous occlusion [5].

The index of anticoagulation activity of the vascular wall was calculated during the division of the activity of antithrombin III in plasma after venous occlusion by its activity in intact plasma. The state of vascular control over the fibrinolysis process was evaluated by accelerating euglobulin lysis in intact plasma and in plasma taken under conditions of temporary venous occlusion [5].

The index of fibrinolytic activity of the vascular wall was calculated by dividing the duration of euglobulin lysis in intact plasma by the duration of euglobulin lysis in plasma taken with the application of a cuff on the vessel.

The functional activity of coagulation blood was evaluated by the value of prothrombin time, blood coagulation time in the activated partial thromboplastin time test, and by the duration of coagulation in the thrombin time test using traditional methods [5]. The obtained results were processed using Student’s criterion (td).

3 Results

While taking the study in the blood weakened piglets and calves had normal platelet count. They also time at with collagen was accelerated to 21.3±0.19 s, yielding values of the control 46.5%. Accelerated were calves and at with ADP (51.5%). The time of occurrence of at in piglets with collagen was also accelerated by 52.4%. With ADP at they occurred earlier than in controls by 43.7%.

The outcome in debilitated calves showed a reduction in the vascular effects at: with ADF the value of the index antiaggregatory activity of the vascular wall inferior to the control of 18.3%, collagen was less control by 21.2%. The outcome in debilitated pigs also reduced the impact of vessels on the at: of ADF with the level of the index antiaggregatory activity of the vascular wall were reduced control by 12.2%, with collagen the level inferior to the control values by 17.9%.

At the first examination in debilitated calves decreased synthesis in the blood vessels of antithrombin III. Its level in their blood was reduced by 15.1%, while the index of anticoagulation activity of blood vessels inferior to the control of 14.6%. These calves source found increase time euglobulin lysis by 26.8%, while the reduction of the index of fibrinolytic activity of blood vessels by 13.6%. In immunocompromised piglets source was found to decrease in antithrombin III activity and a decrease in the index of anticoagulation activity of blood vessels (13.0%).

At the same time euglobulin lysis was increased by 24.2%, while the index of the fibrinolytic activity of the vascular wall inferior to the control by 13.0%.

Coagulation development time in basic coagulation tests in experimental calves was accelerated: activated partial thromboplastin time by 27.2%, prothrombin time by 26.9% and thrombin time by 14.8%. A similar acceleration of hemocoagulation in these tests was found in experimental piglets: activated partial thromboplastin time by 22.5%, prothrombin time by 23.1% and thrombin time by 11.8%.

Due to the appointment of gamavit in the blood of experimental piglets and calves, the optimal platelet concentration was maintained. Moreover, in these calves, AP in response to collagen increased to 30.1±0.22 s, from ADP to 38.6±0.16 s, reaching a control level in both cases. Experimental piglets also achieved a level of control of the values of antibodies with collagen and ADP.

The injection of gamavit caused weakened calves to normalize vascular control over antibodies. This was evidenced by the increase in their index of antiaggregation activity of the vessel wall with both inductors. In experimental piglets that were injected with gamavit, normalization of the values of the indices of anti-aggregation activity of the vascular wall was achieved due to their increase with ADP by 10.1%, with collagen by 13.4%.

In experimental calves that received gamavit, an increase in the synthesis of antithrombin III by the vessels was found, as indicated by an increase in it in the blood by 10.5% and an increase in the index of anticoagulation activity of the vascular wall to the level of 1.30±0.05. They also noted stimulation in the vessels of the synthesis of tissue activator of palazminogen. This was evidenced by a decrease in euglobulin lysis time by 19.7% and an increase in the index of vascular fibrinolytic activity by 11.2%.

As a result of the use of gamavit, weakened piglets achieved an increase in blood activity of antithrombin III by 12.4% with an increase in the index of anticoagulation activity of the vessel wall by 12.2%. In those receiving correction courses, the vascular stimulation of fibrinolysis increased to normal. This was evidenced by a decrease in the time of euglobulin lysis by 19.9% and an increase in the index of vascular fibrinolytic activity by 11.4%.

Against the background of the correction performed in young experimental groups, the coagulation time in the main coagulation tests was reduced to normal. Activated partial thromboplastin time increased in calves by 20.9%, prothrombin time increased by 21.9% and thrombin time was inhibited by 12.3%.

A similar dynamics of coagulation duration in the main coagulation tests occurred in experimental piglets that were given gamavit. Their clotting time was optimized due to an increase in the level of activated partial thromboplastin time by 21.2%, prothrombin time by 18.9%, and thrombin time by 8.7%.

4 Discussion

A biologically significant blood system is rightly considered a hemostatic system [16]. Her normal work at any age largely determines the rheological properties of blood that supports homeostasis [17]. The weakening of the tension of platelets, vascular and coagulation hemostasis in weakened calves and piglets greatly facilitates their adaptation to any environmental conditions.

The performed assessment of changes in platelet aggregation gave reason to say that the use of gamavit in weakened young leads to a decrease in excessive platelet sensitivity to external influences. This led in calves and piglets of the experimental groups to inhibition of antibodies to normal [18].

As a result of the changes found in experimental calves and piglets treated with gamavit, there was a decrease in the level of sensitivity of platelets to aggregation stimulants. This caused young animals of both types of animals to reach its level typical for control. Obviously, they were based on the normalization of the number of fibrinogen receptors, the activity of phospholipases A2 and C, and the severity of thromboxane formation in platelets [19], which were excessive in experimental animals initially.

The increase in vascular anti-aggregation capabilities obtained in the case of gamavit injections in young animals of both animal species is explained by the activation of synthesis of prostacyclin and nitric oxide in their vessels, which inhibit platelet function, which ensured optimal microcirculation in organs [20].

The level of its anticoagulant and fibrinolytic properties was of great importance in ensuring the atrombogenic parameters of blood vessels in experimental calves and piglets. This is caused by activation of the synthesis of antithrombin III in the vessel walls [21] and the intensification of the generation of plasminogen activators in them. The injections of gamavit improved the function of hemostasis in experimental young animals of both species.

We see that the achievement of a physiological norm in their organism is associated with the normalization of anabolism, depression of plasma lipid peroxidation, leveling of intoxication phenomena and infectious processes. Serious factors in optimizing hemostasis are the normalization of metabolism in the blood, vessel walls, and liver [22].

Weakening to the level of norm coagulation of the properties of plasma of young animals of both species of productive animals treated with gamavit, has been reduced to a normal level of activity of individual coagulation factors [5], implementing the two mechanisms of blood coagulation [7]. This proves the obtained deceleration at young of time values in common coagulation tests: activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and thrombin time [9].

5 Conclusion

Identified in the course of the study the dynamics of platelet and vascular hemostasis of coagulation of blood in young productive animals in case of application of gamavit had physiological character. It is provided both in calves and piglets achieving their normal values. The resulting optimization of the functions of hemostasis in physically weakened calves and piglets as a result of application of gamavit proved the possibility of full normalization of hemocirculation and metabolism in muscles and in internal organs weakened calves.

References

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