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All issues Volume 27 (2020) BIO Web Conf., 27 (2020) 00126 Full HTML
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Issue
BIO Web Conf.
Volume 27, 2020
International Scientific-Practical Conference “Agriculture and Food Security: Technology, Innovation, Markets, Human Resources” (FIES 2020)
Article Number 00126
Number of page(s) 5
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700126
Published online 25 November 2020

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

In present time, most regions of Russia have very diverse experimental data on organic carbon storage due to land use change of arable soils and vegetation restoration on them. [1, 2]. According to modern ideas, soil organic matter is presented as an ecosystem component, a reserve but moderately dynamic energy pool, consisting from carbon and nutrients. It is a mass pool transformation product by consumers and reducing agents whose activities are controlled by the environment [3, 4].

In European countries, this issue is also relevant, which is reflected in a number of works [5-8]. For the boreal zone of the European part of Russia, a number of studies have been carried out on the succession processes impact on changes in the soil complex of former agricultural lands in different regions [1, 9-12].

Removal of arable land from active use usually creates the most favorable conditions for processes leading to an increase in organic carbon reserves in the soil: the amount of organic material supplied to it increases.

Postagrogenic lands in meadow ecosystem stage have a short closed cycle of organic matter circling, most part of which is from the root fraction. In forest biocenoses, most of the synthesized matter goes to form an increase in trunk and root wood mass, where it has been for years and decades.

In the tree stands, most dead plant part residues (leaf fall and tree waste) enter the soil surface, where they decompose, and their decomposition products are washed away by precipitation and re-enter the soil. Forest fall decomposes significantly slower than meadow. Forest fall degradation takes place with the release of acidic decomposition products. In meadow biocenoses, most dead plant input residues comes from roots, and their decomposition takes place in the soil at the formation site.

Postagrogenic areas at the meadow stage differ from forest areas not only by a larger mass waste, but also by high dispersion of plant residues, in the upper soil layer, by a higher nitrogen content, which contributes to their intensive decomposition and accelerated humification.

2 Materials and methods

The study aim was a comparative analysis of changes in the soil complex during the living ground cover and wood vegetation restoration.

The study object was a deposit section aged 20 years in the Luzhsky-Oredezhsky landscape of Leningrad region. The site area is about 8 hectares, the soils are swollen-loam well-cultivated, on a boulder red-colored loam. Previous agricultural use included active crop rotation. This soil type is most represented and economically developed in the research region. The site is adjacent to a ripe mixed tree stand with a preponderance of spruce and hardwood on the long and short side.

Three running lines were laid parallel to the longest side of the studied plot, each 50 meters from the adjacent forest edge. On each line, four 0.2 ha sites were defined to representatively cover the studied area. At these sites, 10 m2 circular plots were created to analyze the projective living ground cover and tree and shrub vegetation [13–15].

The projective living ground cover was calculated as % of the total experimental plot area, with a step of 5%. Wood vegetation was accounted by species; the height of the species was measured. From each plot, 10 soil samples were taken, separately for the 0-20 cm and 2040 cm horizons. These samples were used to compile an average plot soil sample for each horizon. The organic matter content in the samples was measured by Tyurin method adapted for a photocolorimeter, the pH was determined by the potentiometric method [16–18].

3 Results

The soil samples agrochemical analysis showed that on the first running line, the pH changed slightly from low to higher, i.e. neutral soil acidity (Table 1) as it moved away from the forest wall. Thus, the pH (KCl) on the site located 40 meters from the forest wall is 4.74, and on the farthest section, it is already 5.37. The pH values (KCl) of the second and third experimental sites differ slightly from each other. In the upper horizons, the difference is 0.2, in the lower horizons 0.4 units.

The pH (KCl) values on this line tend to increase the neutral response of the soil by the degree of distance from the ripe tree stand and vary between 4.5 and 5.1. When comparing the studied soil horizons, the underlying horizon has a more neutral reaction than the overlying one.

On the second running line, the pH (KCl) varies less across accounting sites depending on the distance of the tree stand and varies between 4.65 and 5.1. When comparing the studied horizons, in the lower lying horizon the pH (KCl) values are lower.

On the third running line, the pH index (KCl) in the difference between the first and second line versions, when removed from the wall of the soil stand, gradually acquire a more acidic reaction, both in the upper horizon and in the lower horizon. In general, soil acidity decreases (from pH (KCl) 4.6-5.0 to pH (KCl) 5.1-5.5) with removal from the forest wall.

On the first running line, the content of organic matter when comparing the trial areas in removal process from a wall of a ripe forest stand, gradually decreases. The exception was made by plot 2 where the indication of Corg. makes 5.26% that in comparison with the site in 40 meters from the wood is 0.8% more (fig. 1-2). By soil analyses results consideration second running line, also, as well as on the first the regularity of decrease in percentage of organic matter at a distance from a wood wall is observed.

The carried-out organic matter analysis content (Corg.) shows regularity on reduction of value at a distance from a forest stand (figure 1). The greatest stock of Corg is recorded on the third running line.

Corg variation in soil can be explained by the amount and species composition of vegetation.

The projective coating of the living ground cover (Figure 2) is dominated by two species Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) and Solidago canadensis (L.). Of the complex colored species, Tarahasum officinale Wigg is present. In fact, on all accounting sites, and from the cereal mint of the Poa pratensis (L).and Elyrigia repens (L.). In general, dominant species refer to mesotrophes and mesophytes.

The largest number of views is 16 recorded on the third running line.

When considering the total projective living ground cover coating, a tendency can be observed that with its increase there is a content organic matter decrease in the in the soil (Figures 2 and 3).

The analysis of vegetation influence on Corg accumulation in a soil layer of 0-40 cm shows linear dependence. The determination coefficient shows that the projective covering for 71% defines C org accumulation in soil (figure 4).

On the second running line, wood vegetation on the areas under study is mainly represented by hardwood species: willow (Salix L.), birch. The density of these species is up to 20 thousand copies, 1.5 to 5-6 m high (see Figure 5). Spruce, height from 1.5 to 2.5 m, in the amount of 12 thousand pieces per hectare mainly grows on test areas near the tree stand.

On the trial areas of the first running line there is an axis with a height of 1.5 meters, in the amount of 6 thousand copies per hectare.

In the trial areas of the third running line, as on the first, there are the least amounts of wood vegetation. On test site #2, willow up to 4-5 m high can be found, and on test site #4 there is a spruce up to 1.5 meters high. The spruce placement is a curtain.

At present, wood-shrub level of different height is being formed at the investigated areas. The meadowruderal vegetation succession stage is being replaced by the stage of the small-scale tree stand, under the hemisphere or in the gastalins of which the resumption of spruce begins.

However, when introduced into these territories, ruderal plant species, in the absence of competition, can actively develop, forming large populations and transforming the environment into a favorable side and preventing the settlement of wood species.

The effect of wood vegetation and living ground cover on Corg ’s stock is more evident on the central trial areas (ТА) along the running lines (Figure 6). The optimum of organic matter accumulation is shifted to a zone with a large participation of wood species (Figure 5).

Table 1.

pHKCL indicators at experimental facilities on postagrogenic soils

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Organic matter content along soil horizons
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Projective coating of vegetation species composition on running lines
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Total vegetation covering on running lines
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Living ground cover effect on organic matter accumulation in the former arable soil horizon.
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Wood plants number on accounting sites on running lines
thumbnail Fig. 6.

Ratio live ground cover projective coating to organic matter content in soils

4 Conclusion

Thus, research results specify that during recovery succession there is an accumulation of organic matter in a soil complex more in the top 20-centimeter horizon.

Exchange acidity indicators of the soil tend to change towards neutral reaction from a wood wall to site border.

Corg indicators decrease with increased distance from a wood wall.

At this succession stage, the amount of organic matter is defined by specific structure of a live ground cover and wood and shrubby vegetation.

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All Tables

Table 1.

pHKCL indicators at experimental facilities on postagrogenic soils

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Organic matter content along soil horizons
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Projective coating of vegetation species composition on running lines
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

Total vegetation covering on running lines
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Living ground cover effect on organic matter accumulation in the former arable soil horizon.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Wood plants number on accounting sites on running lines
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6.

Ratio live ground cover projective coating to organic matter content in soils
In the text

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