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All issues Volume 32 (2021) BIO Web Conf., 32 (2021) 01006 Full HTML
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BIO Web Conf.
Volume 32, 2021
III International Scientific and Practical Conference “Problems and Prospects of Scientific and Innovative Support of the Agro-Industrial Complex of the Regions” 2021
Article Number 01006
Number of page(s) 5
Section Innovative technologies in crop production. Problems of selection and seed production of grain crops
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213201006
Published online 13 August 2021

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Soil erosion is a global problem for humanity. Because of irrational economic activity, erosion processes have taken on catastrophic proportions throughout the planet. 23 billion tons of soil is lost in the world every year [1, 3]. In Russia, this figure averages more than 4 t / ha per year of fertile arable soil [4, 6].

Erosional losses have rightfully considered nonrenewable, because it is impossible to restore the washedout soil layer in the same time, after which it was lost [7, 8].

Researchers have found that eroded soils are less fertile than non-eroded ones, have worse physical and chemical properties, have a lower humus content, a lower percentage of the agronomical valuable structure of the arable horizon and a more blocky structure due to plowing of the underlying layers [9].

The decline in crop yields is directly proportional to the degree of soil erosion. It is possible temporarily increase yields on eroded soils with the help of fertilization, but not all crops are responsive to increased application of fertilizers or the use of more productive varieties. However, the profitability of growing crops on eroded soils is lower than on non-eroded soils [10, 14].

Therefore, it is relevant to conduct rational economic activities with the prevention of negative anthropogenic impact on the soil under arable land. The introduction of a contour-reclamation approach in land management of agricultural lands based on an adaptive-landscape farming system is an effective way to combat water erosion of soils and increase the productivity of cultivated crops. Fields surrounded by forest shelterbelts have a microclimate that favorably affects the growth and development of agricultural crops in comparison with open fields and fields outside the zone of forest belts [15-19].

Planting water-regulating forest belts allows you to correct snow distribution, reduce the flow of melt water, significantly reduce or completely eliminate soil flushing [20]. These results are achieve due to several factors: firstly, forest belts divide the slope into short sections, thereby reducing the speed of flowing water; secondly, under forest belts, especially with the use of hydraulic structures, for example, reinforced with a ditch and a rampart along the lower edge, the absorption capacity of the soil is higher than in the field located above and below this strip. Substantiated arrangement of elements of antierosion line boundaries allows not only to reduce soil erosion losses, but also to increase the yield of cultivated crops [21, 22].

In the Kursk region, arable soils are located mainly on the slopes, where, from the beginning of farming, they have exposed to accelerated water erosion [23]. Therefore, it is relevant to obtain information on the effectiveness of the effect of the anti-erosion complex with water-regulating forest belts on the productivity of agricultural crops as the forest belts develop and grow.

The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of water-regulating forest belts on erosion-hydrological indicators and the productivity of cultivated crops in longterm experience in contour-reclamation agriculture.

2 Materials and methods

The research has carried out in the northern part of the Medvensky district of the Kursk region on a stationary experiment on contour-reclamation agriculture of the FSBSI Kursk FARC. The experience has monitored for 38 years since its inception. The time of trenching in the aisle of the forest belt – 1986. Before carrying out contour-reclamation measures, the soil of the experiment was under intensive agricultural load.

The slope of the western exposure of the catchment without the use of anti-erosion measures has chosen as a control. The length of the experimental slope was 800 m with a varying slope ranging from 1 to 5 degrees. Area 41.5 hectares. Coordinates: 51°31’18.0”N 36°02’29.4”E 51.521665, 36.041488 (Fig. 1).

To study the effect of anti-erosion measures, the slope of the western exposure of the catchment was investigated, on which narrow two-row water-regulating forest belts were designed and planted, reinforced with a ditch between the rows and a rampart along the lower edge. Forest belts are located at a distance of 216 m from each other. In total, there are 3 linear anti-erosion boundaries on the slope. The length of the slope was 1100 m. The slope varied down the slope from 1 to 5 degrees. The catchment area is 46.4 hectares. Coordinates: 51° 30’36.6 “N 36° 02’22.1” E 51.510175, 36.039466 (Fig. 1).

Based on the experience of contour-reclamation agriculture, the species composition of forest belts is mainly represented by a hybrid of the Euro-American Robusta poplar (Populus euramericana Robusta) and black poplar (Populus nigra L.), characterized by rapid growth at the beginning of the growing season (1-1.5 m annually) and a gradual decrease from age (0.5 m per year), conical closed crown. The row spacing during planting was set 3 m.

On the experimental plot, the predominant soil is two subtypes of chernozem (Haplic Chernozem). Chernozems typical migratory-mycelial medium-thick heavy loamy on loess-like loams with the profile formula PU-PU1-AABca-Bca-BCca-Cca in combination with leached chernozem (Chernozems leached) medium-thick heavy loamy on loess-like loams with the profile formula PUPU1-A-AB-B-BCca-Cca.

Soil flushing has taken into account by measuring algae [24, 25].

To monitor atmospheric precipitation, the Tretyakov rain gauge has used, located between the studied catchments on the watershed plateau.

The depth of freezing and thawing of the soil was determined with permafrost meters designed by Danilin, which have installed in October and took readings every ten days until the end of March in both catchments from top to bottom along the slope profile.

The depth of the snow cover was determined during snow surveying along a pre-built route used annually. At the same time, the water content in the snow was determined before the beginning of snow melting.

Soil moisture have taken layer by layer with an AM-16 soil drill to a depth of 1 m, and was determined according to GOST 28268-89 by the thermostat-weight method [26]. The selection of soil for moisture have carried out before the beginning of snow melting, before sowing, according to the phenophases of the culture and after harvesting.

In the past two decades, a shortened grain crop rotation has been cultivated experimentally: winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) – spring barley (Hordeum distichon L.) – buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and grass-grain crop rotation): spring barley (Hordeum distichon L.) with oversowing of perennial grasses – perennial grasses (Bromopsis inermis Holub) 1 year of use – perennial grasses (Bromopsis inermis Holub) of 2 years use). Awless rump (Bromopsis inermis Holub) have sown as perennial grasses.

The technology of cultivation of crops grown in crop rotations, generally accepted for the Kursk region of the Russian Federation, is the same within the crop rotation in all experience.

Yield counting have carried out by the method of continuous counting on test sites in accordance with GOST 27548-97.

The data have processed by the method of analysis of variance [27].

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Studied catchments (Medvensky district, Kursk region)

3 Results and Discussion

To study the effect of the anti-erosion complex, we selected contrasting weather conditions and relatively evenly spaced time intervals during the course of the experiment, focused mainly on the cultivation of winter wheat during the study.

1986 is the closest year to the establishment of the experiment and planting of narrow-row stock-regulating forest belts; therefore, the effect of the anti-erosion complex was practically absent.

1994 is the year with the lowest temperature in the autumn-winter period and a high volume of runoff and soil washout during spring snowmelt.

2010 is characterized as quite hot and dry, the most unfavorable for the cultivation of winter wheat.

2020 was a favorable year for the cultivation of winter wheat and the most distant in time from the beginning of the experiment.

According to D.V. Dubovik and D.Yu. Vinogradov [28], the overwintering conditions for winter wheat plants have a significant effect on the productivity of the crop. Moreover, a decrease in the productivity of winter wheat was noted when the average monthly temperature exceeded the average annual rate. Therefore, when analyzing the agro meteorological conditions of the years under study, we took into account the average monthly air temperature and the amount of precipitation during exposure to negative temperatures (from October to March) (Figure 2-3).

The years under study differed in temperature. The warmest year was 2020; the average monthly temperature in January and February was negative, but still exceeded the average annual indicators by 20%. The winter wheat yield was also significantly higher in 2020 compared to the rest of the years. Temperature for the cold period of 1994 and 2010 was 10% lower than the long-term average.

The amount of precipitation for the years under study, on average, did not significantly differ from the average annual precipitation, varying significantly in individual months.

The depth of soil freezing depends on the temperature and precipitation in the autumn-winter period.

The depth of soil freezing varied over the years of the experiment; a high rate was recorded in 1986 (88.3±1.3 cm) in both catchments. The large freezing depth in the catchment with the anti-erosion complex has explained by the low height of young trees in the forest belt, which could not create favorable microclimatic conditions for the entire catchment. For the rest of the years, there is a positive trend towards a decrease in soil freezing in the catchment area with forest belts compared to the control. According to A.T. Barabanov. [24] when the soil freezes to a depth of less than 50 cm, runoff has formed. The dependence of soil flushing on the depth of freezing is in a close direct relationship by years (1986, 1994, 2010, 2018, 2020) (Fig. 4).

Due to a significant excess of the average monthly temperature in 2020, from October to March, a stable snow cover did not form, the freezing depth in the control catchment was 27±3 cm. There was no drain. Therefore, 2018 was added to Figure 5.

Analysis of the data shows that soil washout in the control catchment is higher in all studied years. The highest rates had recorded in 1986 and 2018.

Kuznetsov M.S. and Abdulkhanova D.R. [29] when calculating the permissible limits of losses, it was found that on typical chernozem, the permissible rate of soil washout can reach 9 t/ha. During the studied period, on the experiment on contour-reclamation agriculture, soil washout exceeding the permissible losses in 1986 and 2018 have recorded in the control variant. During the experiment, the maximum soil washout in the catchment with water-regulating forest belts was recorded only in 1986, 3 t/ha. Consequently, in 1986, a system of young forest belts, reinforced with a ditch in the row-spacing and a rampart along the lower edge, was able to reduce soil washout in the catchment compared to the control by 7 times. The value of runoff was significantly different only in 1994 and 2018 years, other years differ insignificantly. The influence of erosion control measures (forest belts) on the productivity of agricultural crops have presented in Table 1.

Analysis of the productivity of the crop in the catchment area with water-regulating forest belts and control showed its significant increase even in the first years after planting. An increase in productivity in the catchment area with forest belts has observed even in the extremely dry year of 2010, due to the creation of a microclimate in the field with a water-regulating forest belt.

The assessment of the profitability of winter wheat cultivation for two catchments, calculated at prices of 2020 (Fig. 6) shows a stable increase of it by 50% compared to the control.

Although in the first years after planting forest belts, the profitability differed insignificantly, the increase in productivity was reliably positive.

thumbnail Fig. 2.

Average monthly temperature by years
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The amount of precipitation over the years.
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Dependence of soil washing on the freezing depth
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Runoff and soil washing over the years
Table 1.

Average productivity (food units) by catchments in selected years

thumbnail Fig. 6.

Profitability of crops cultivation by years

4 Conclusion

Over a long-term observation period, a positive effect of anti-erosion measures in the form of forest belts on erosion-hydrological indicators was established.

A decrease in runoff during snowmelt has noted, and there was no soil washout in the catchment area with a system of forest belts. There is a stable trend towards an increase in crop productivity, which has confirmed by economic calculations.

The work was carried out within the framework of the Statetasks of FSBSI«Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center» on topic No. 0632-2019-0017.

The team of authors would like to thank Yu.P. Sukhanovsky for advice in the field of erosionhydrological processes and to the leading researcher of the laboratory of agro chemistry and GIS G.P. Glazunov for scientific and methodological assistance in writing the article.

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All Tables

Table 1.

Average productivity (food units) by catchments in selected years

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1.

Studied catchments (Medvensky district, Kursk region)
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2.

Average monthly temperature by years
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3.

The amount of precipitation over the years.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4.

Dependence of soil washing on the freezing depth
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5.

Runoff and soil washing over the years
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6.

Profitability of crops cultivation by years
In the text

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