EDP Sciences logo
Web of Conferences logo
Search
Menu
All issues Volume 33 (2021) BIO Web Conf., 33 (2021) 04008 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
BIO Web Conf.
Volume 33, 2021
The 1st International Conference of Advanced Veterinary Science and Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICAVESS 2021)
Article Number 04008
Number of page(s) 9
Section Livestock and Food Biosafety
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304008
Published online 23 August 2021

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Feed additives are ingredients that are mixed in the livestock feed which can affect health, productivity and nutritional conditions of livestock animals. In the recent decades, antibiotics have been commonly used as the feed additives. Antibiotics are added to animal feed can improve livestock performance, but have negative effects such as residues in tissues, antimicrobial resistance and cross resistance in antimicrobial therapy [1].

The World Health Organization (WHO) through the Global Strategy for Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance prohibits the use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) as an effort to minimize the incidence of antibiotic resistance. The strategy is aimed at governments to take measures to ban the use of antibiotics as a growth promoter in livestock feed. The Indonesian government through the Minister of Agriculture Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14/PERMENTAN/PK.350/5/2017 has officially prohibited the use of AGP for animal feed additives whose products are consumed by humans. Therefore, nowadays there are a lot of research focused on finding alternatives to antibiotics that are safe and do not have bad side effects [2].These alternative substitutes for AGP such as probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids both independently or in combination.

Probiotics are nonpathogenic living organisms present in some foods which have positive effects on the health of the hosts if they enter the body in sufficient amounts [3]. Probiotics are often combined with several types of feed additives such as enzymes and organic acids. Probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids independently have a good effect on broiler performance such as increase digestive enzyme activity in the gut, nutrient digestibility, villi height, weight gain, carcass percentage and decrease FCR value [4-10].

Probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids independently have a positive effect on performance, therefore a combination of feed additives is needed in order to get the maximum effect. Several previous studies in vivo using a combination of probiotics, prebiotics and organic acids [11] and a combination of probiotics, prebiotics and enzymes [12] revealed that the feed additives combination had a synergistic effect and could improve broiler performance. In vivo studies using combination of probiotic and herbal simultaneously are still rare, but in vitro studies conducted by Prakasita et al. [13] has proven that the combination of probiotics and herbs has a synergistic effect where the administration of media containing extracts from curcuma, red ginger and turmeric can support the growth of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus brevis). Therefore, it is necessary to conduct in vivo study using a combination of probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids. This study therefore aimed to determine the role of probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids combination on broiler performance.

2 Materials And Methods

2.1 Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the Commission of Ethical Clearance Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University (0014/EC-FKH/Int./2019).

2.2 Experimental Design

A total of 60 day-old male broilers chickens (Lohmann strain) were divided randomly into 3 groups, where each group consisted of 20 chickens with 4 replication. Each replication was placed in one flock. Group I was a control group that was given basal feed, group II was given a mixture of basal feed and AGP (enramycin) at a dose of 250 gr/ton (based on the recommended dosage of commercial products) and group III was given a mixture of basal feed and commercial feed additives (combinations of probiotic, herbal, enzyme and organic acid) at a dose of 3 kg/ton. The combination of probiotic, herbal, enzyme and organic acids is available in the form of PromixTM commercial feed additives with the composition of the each microbial 6.2 x 108 CFU/g (Bacillus subtillis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Saccharomyces cereviciae), 3% herbal mix (Zingiber officinale, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, C. domestica, Kaempferia galanga), enzymes (proteolytic, amylolytic, lipolytic, cellulolytic) and organic acids (lactic acid and acetic acid). PromixTM compositions are based on a composition table listed on the product packaging.

2.3 Managing and Vaccination

The chickens were maintained and treated for 5 weeks. All chickens were vaccinated on day 1 with live ND + IB vaccine (spray), live IBD (subcutaneous) and ND killed (subcutaneous) and booster vaccine was given on day 18 with live ND vaccine (intraocular). Maintenance was carried out at the Center of Innovation and Agrotechnology UGM. Group division was done by dividing the chickens into 12 pens. Each pen consists of 5 individuals. Feeding was carried out in ad libitum. The commercial feed used was an AGP-free basal feed. The composition of basal feed can be seen in Table 1 (basal feed composition is obtained from the commercial feed composition table and according to nutritional requirements for broiler chickens). The drinking water was provided using chlorinated water at a dose of 2-5 ppm.

Table 1.

Nutritional content of basal feed

2.4 Performance Parameters

Body weight (BW) were calculated every week from week 1 to week 5. From BW data obtained, then body weight gain (BWG) were calculated with formula BWGn = BWn BWn-1. All chicken were weighed individually and then averaged as a group value. Chicken weighing was done in the morning before being given food and drinking water. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was calculated every week from week 1 to week 5 by dividing total feed consumption by total body weight every week. The total feed consumption and total body weight were measured at the same time by each group. Five chickens were taken randomly from each group at week 5 and then slaughtered to calculate the carcass percentage. The carcass percentage is the percentage of the carcass weight of the life weight of the chicken.

2.5 Statistical Analysis

Data on weight gain, body weight and carcass percentage were analysed using the One-Way ANOVA test on statistical program (SPSS 24). If significant differences were found, the test would be continued with the Duncan’s test to find out the difference in mean value between groups. The data would be presented in the form of mean ± standard deviation (Mean ± SD). The significant level used is P<0.05.

3 Result and Discussion

3.1 Body Weight Gain and Body Weight

Based on the data obtained (Table 2), there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) of BWG from the week 1 to the week 3 between groups. In the week 4, group III had a higher BWG and significant difference (P≤0.05) compared to groups I and II. In the week 5, group III had a higher BWG and significant difference (P≤0.05) compare to group I. There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) of BW between groups starting from week 1 to week 3. Significant differences are observed in the week 4 and week 5. In the week 4, group III had higher BW and significant difference (P≤0.05) compared to groups I and II. The same results also occurred at week 5 where group III had a higher BW and significant difference (P≤0.05) compared to groups I and II (Table 2).

Previous studies have proven that the use of probiotics (B. subtilis) [14], herbs (Z. officinale and Allium sativum) [15], enzymes (xylanase, β-glucanase, invertase, protease, cellulase, amylase, mannanase) [16] as well as organic acid (fumaric acid, citric acid and malic acid) [17] can increase BWG and BW in broilers. Broilers in group III was given a combination of herbal probiotic enzymes and organic acids, its BWG and BW were higher than other group because the feed additives can increase nutrient digestibility and absorption [18], increase digestive enzyme activity [19] and modulating immune system in the digestive tract [20].

Significant differences in BW and BWG between groups can be seen in the week 4 and week 5, where group III has a higher BW and BWG than groups I and II. This shows that feed additives already have a positive effect. The positive effect is due to the mechanism of action of feed additives such as probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids can increase nutrient digestibility, absorption, and increase digestive enzyme activity. In addition, it is also caused by the growth of intestinal villi in broiler chickens that have been maximized at the age of 4 weeks so that the absorption of nutrients from the feed consumed can be maximized [21].

Table 2.

Body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) between groups from week 1 to 5

3.2 Carcass Percentage

There was no significant difference (P≥0.05) of the carcass percentage at week 5 between groups (Table 3). The carcass percentage between groups is in the range of 69.51% 69.56%. Although the results of BW and BWG data show a significant difference, but in the carcass percentage data there is no significant difference. The results of this study are similar to studies which were conducted by several researchers who used herbs (cinnamon oil) and organic acids (sodium butyrate) combination [22], herbs (Z. officinale) and probiotics (L. acidophilus, L. casei , E. faecium and B. thermophilum) combination [23] and organic acids (formic acid and propionic acid) herbs (Origanum onites, Syzygium aromaticum, Cuminum cyminum) [24] in broiler feed did not effect on carcass percentage. The results of this study are supported by research conducted by [25] who revealed that the use of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) in broiler feed had a significant effect on body weight but did not significantly influence the carcass percentage. Furthermore, although no significant effect on carcass percentage overall but significantly affect the percentage of the chest muscle. This shows that although there is no effect on the overall carcass weight, but there is the possibility of giving feed additives can affect the carcass pieces.

Table 3.

Carcass percentage between groups at week 5

3.3 Feed Convertion Ratio

Group III from week 1 to week 5 have a lower FCR value compared to groups I. Group III have a lower FCR value at week 1, week 2, week 4 and week 5 compared to groups II. At week 1 up to week 3, BW and BWG is not significant different beetwen groups, but FCR is significant different, it shows that group III has better feeding efficiency compared to groups I and II. A low FCR value showed that the food consumed is efficiently utilized to increase body weight (Figure 1).

Similar results were also obtained from several previous studies that used probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids supplements both independently and in combination. Research using enzymes (phytase, xylanase, amylase and protease) and probiotics (B. amyloliquefaciens) in broiler feed revealed that the use of enzyme both independently or in combination with probiotics can decrease FCR value compared to control group [12]. The study using probiotics and citric acid combination revealed that the use of combination a probiotics and organic acids significantly decrease FCR values compared to control group [26]. A good FCR values in the group given a combination of probiotics, herbs, enzymes and organic acids are due to the feed additives used can increase cellulase enzyme activity, crude fibre and dry matter digestibility [17,18,24].

The results of this study in the form of good performance indicate that the feed combination used has a synergistic effect. This synergistic effect focuses on probiotics and herbs which are the ingredients of the feed additives used. Several previous studies have also proven that herbs added to yogurt can maintain viability of probiotic bacteria (L. Bulgaricus and L. acidophilus) for 29 days of storage [27]. The results of this studies show that in fact, probiotics and herbs have a synergistic effect in which herbs can act as probiotics which can be a source of nutrition for probiotic bacteria. The carbohydrate content of herbal extracts can act as a substrate for bacterial growth. Besides that, the content of polyphenols in herbal extracts has high antioxidant activity against free radicals and oxidative stress arising from metabolic activity and can support the growth of probiotic bacteria by providing a microaerophilic environment [28].

thumbnail Figure 1.

Feed Conversion Ratio each groups from week 1 to week 5.

4 Conclusion

The combination of probiotic and herbs in commercial feed additives PromixTM has a synergistic effect and good role on growth performance of broiler such as increasing BWG, BW and decreasing FCR value so that it can replace AGP as a feed additives in broilers.

The writers would like to express gratitude to the head office of the Center of Innovation and Agrotechnology UGM who has granted us the permission to use chicken coops to conduct research for 5 weeks. Thanks also goes to drh. Agnes Heratni, MP who has prepared feed additives.

References

  • Y. Mehdi, M.P. Létourneau-Montminy, M.L. Gaucher, Chorfi Y, Suresh G, Rouissi T, Brar SK, Côté C, Ramirez AA, Godbout S. Use of antibiotics in broiler production: Global impacts and alternatives. Anim. Nutr. 4, 170-178 (2018). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • M.H. Kogut, R.J. Arsenault. Editorial: Gut Health: The New Paradigm in Food Animal Production. Front. Vet. Sci. 2016 Aug 31, 71 (2016). [Google Scholar]
  • S.K. Kim, R.B. Guevarra, Y.T. Kim, Kwon J, Kim H, Cho J.H, Kim H.B, Lee J.H. Role of Probiotics in Human Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases. J. Microbiol Biotechnol. 29, 1335-1340 (2019). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • S. Adil, T. Banday, G.A. Bhat Mir M.S Rehman M. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic acids on performance, intestinal histomorphology, and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Vet Med Int. (2010). [Google Scholar]
  • H. Zangiabadi, M. Torki. The effect of a beta-mannanase-based enzyme on growth performance and humoral immune response of broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of whole dates. Trop Anim Health Prod. 42, 1209-17 (2010). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • S.P. Bai, A.M. Wu, X.M. Ding, Lei Y, Bai J, Zhang K.Y, Chio J.S. Effects of probioticsupplemented diets on growth performance and intestinal immune characteristics of broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 92, 663-70 (2013). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • R. Habibi, G. Sadeghi, A. Karimi. Effect of different concentrations of ginger root powder and its essential oil on growth performance, serum metabolites and antioxidant status in broiler chicks under heat stress. Br Poult Sci. 55, 228-37 (2014). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • H.M. Abdel-Hafeez, E.S.E. Saleh, S.S. Tawfeek, Youssef I.M.I, Abdel-Daim ASA. Effects of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic with and without feed restriction on performance, hematological indices and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 30, 672-682 (2017). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • S. Yadav, P.Y. Teng, Souza Dos Santos T, Gould R.L, Craig S.W, Lorraine Fuller A, Pazdro R, Kim W.K. The effects of different doses of curcumin compound on growth performance, antioxidant status, and gut health of broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria species. Poult Sci. 99, 5936-5945 (2020). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • X. Yang, H. Xin, C. Yang, X. Yang. Impact of essential oils and organic acids on the growth performance, digestive functions and immunity of broiler chickens. Anim Nutr. 4, 388-393 (2018). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • A.S. Salah, O.A. Ahmed-Farid, M.S. El-Tarabany. Carcass yields, muscle amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and antioxidant indices of broilers supplemented with synbiotic and/or organic acids. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 103, 41-52 (2019). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • A.L. Wealleans, M.C. Walsh, L.F. Romero, V. Ravindran. Comparative effects of two multi-enzyme combinations and a Bacillus probiotic on growth performance, digestibility of energy and nutrients, disappearance of non-starch polysaccharides, and gut microflora in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 96, 4287-4297 (2017). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • V.C. Prakasita, W. Asmara, S. Widyarini, A.E.T.H. Wahyuni. Combinations of herbs and probiotics as an alternative growth promoter: An in vitro study. Vet World. 12, 614-620 (2019). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • I. Park, Y. Lee, D. Goo, N.P. Zimmerman, A.H. Smith, T. Rehberger, H.S. Lillehoj. The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. Poult Sci. 99, 725-733 (2020). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • V.K. Karangiya, H.H. Savsani, S.S. Patil, D.D. Garg, K.S. Murthy, N.K. Ribadiya, Vekariya S.J. Effect of dietary supplementation of garlic, ginger and their combination on feed intake, growth performance and economics in commercial broilers. Vet World. 9, 245-50 (2016). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • J. Sanchez, A. Thanabalan, T. Khanal, R. Patterson, B.A. Slominski, E. Kiarie. Growth performance, gastrointestinal weight, microbial metabolites and apparent retention of components in broiler chickens fed up to 11% rice bran in a corn-soybean meal diet without or with a multi-enzyme supplement. Anim Nutr. 5, 41-48 (2019). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • D.H. Nguyen, I.H. Kim. Protected Organic Acids Improved Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Decreased Gas Emission in Broilers. Animals (Basel). 10, 416 (2020). [Google Scholar]
  • P. Rodjan, K. Soisuwan, K. Thongprajukaew, Y. Theapparat, S. Khongthong, Jeenkeawpieam J, Salaeharae T. Effect of organic acids or probiotics alone or in combination on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, enzyme activities, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 102, e931-e940 (2018). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • M.S. Sumon, F. Ahmmed, S.S. Khushi, M.K. Ahmmed, M.A. Rouf, M.A.H. Chisty, Sarower M.G. Growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Macrobrachium rosenbergii fed with probiotic Clostridium butyricum incorporated diets. Journal of King Saud University – Science. 30, 21-28 (2018). [Google Scholar]
  • U. Gadde, S.T. Oh, Y.S. Lee, E. Davis, N. Zimmerman, Rehberger T, Lillehoj H.S. The Effects of Direct-fed Microbial Supplementation, as an Alternative to Antibiotics, on Growth Performance, Intestinal Immune Status, and Epithelial Barrier Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 9, 397-405 (2017). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • M. Nasrin, M. Siddiqi, M.A. Masum, Wares M.A. Gross and histological studies of digestive tract of broilers during postnatal growth and development. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University. 10, 69-77 (2012). [Google Scholar]
  • G. Gomathi, S. Senthilkumar, A. Natarajan, R. Amutha, M.R. Purushothaman. Effect of dietary supplementation of cinnamon oil and sodium butyrate on carcass characteristics and meat quality of broiler chicken. Vet World. 11, 959-964 (2018). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • M. Qorbanpour, T. Fahim, F. Javandel, M. Nosrati, Paz E, Seidavi A, Ragni M, Laudadio V, Tufarelli V. Effect of Dietary Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Multi-Strain Probiotic on Growth and Carcass Traits, Blood Biochemistry, Immune Responses and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel). 8, 117 (2018). [Google Scholar]
  • H. Basmacioğlu-Malayoğlu, P. Ozdemir, H.A. Bağriyanik. Influence of an organic acid blend and essential oil blend, individually or in combination, on growth performance, carcass parameters, apparent digestibility, intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of broilers. Br Poult Sci. 57, 227-34 (2016). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • M. Yadav, M. Dubey, M. Yadav, K.S. Shankar. Effect of Supplementation of Probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) on Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chickens. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 7, 4840-4849 (2018). [Google Scholar]
  • M.S. Jasim, A.A. Fehan. Application of Probiotic with Different levels of Citric Acid Supplementation in the Diet for Promotes the Production Efficiency of Broiler Chickens. J Agri Vet Sci. 10, 50-57 (2017). [Google Scholar]
  • M. Michael, R.K. Phebus, K.A. Schmidt. Plant extract enhances the viability of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in probiotic nonfat yogurt. Food Sci Nutr. 3, 48-55 (2015). [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • Q. Zhou, S. Wang, G. Yang, W. Zhao, H.L. Li. Development and evaluation of herbal formulation with antipathogenic activities and probiotics stimulatory effect. J Integr Agric. 15, 1103-1111(2016). [Google Scholar]

All Tables

Table 1.

Nutritional content of basal feed

In the text
Table 2.

Body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) between groups from week 1 to 5

In the text
Table 3.

Carcass percentage between groups at week 5

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Figure 1.

Feed Conversion Ratio each groups from week 1 to week 5.
In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.