© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

1 Introduction

Domestic and world experience of increasing the production of livestock products and reducing their cost shows that in recent years an increase in animal productivity by 65% has been achieved by improving their feeding system and advanced housing technologies. It follows that the organization of rational full-fledged feeding of farm animals is one of the main conditions for further increase of their productivity [3, 5, 9].

As the knowledge of the animal’s need for nutrients increases, so does the concept of the level of a complete diet. Detailed norms and rations of feeding farm animals reflect modern knowledge, on the basis of which a scientifically sound and well-founded feeding system has been developed [4].

Full supply of animals with all nutrients, minerals and biologically active substances, determines not only the level of productivity, but also the amount of feed costs for production [5].

With the transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis, it is important to develop a system of complete feeding of animals, which ensures their high productivity. It is established that the animal body needs the optimal amount of nutrients and biological substances [4].

Every year the science of feeding develops tools for the use of various biological and chemical feed additives. High productivity of animals, support of reproductive functions of an organism, effective use of forages is impossible without inclusion in a diet of forage additives which provide necessary level of biologically complete feeding. They are a mandatory ingredient in any diet for farm animals [6,7].

Data on the biological role of individual feed additives, their interaction with other nutrients, dosage taking into account the species and age of animals, methods of administration, the impact on productivity and product quality are necessary for qualified use [8].

The use of supplements also helps to save feed, as a scientifically sound combination of all nutrients and biologically active substances in the diet provides the fullest digestion and assimilation by the body, compared with the components of the diet, which are used separately, fed separately.

The production of feed additives allows to increase the high-energy properties of the diet, to effectively use the ingredients of the diet.

The possibility of preparing feed additives in the form of granules avoids self-sorting of components and overdose of micronutrients and improve the consumption of feed ingredients.

In this regard, it is important to study the chemical composition and nutritional value of citrus pomace and the effectiveness of their use for feed purposes in feeding farm animals.

The main raw materials for the production of new feed additives are citrus pomace.

The use of new feed additives in the diets of farm animals is possible only after studying their effectiveness in feeding animals, the impact on health and productivity and their registration in Ukraine.

The purpose of our work was to develop a scheme of the technological line of granulation of citrus waste, to establish their chemical composition. To achieve this goal, the task of our research was:

• determination of the gross content of proteins, fats, assimilated carbohydrates, BAS in particular simple sugars;

• identification of the effectiveness of use in the diets of farm animals.

2 Materials and methods

The experimental part of the work on the development of the technological line of granulation of citrus waste was performed on the basis of LLC “LAMPOCHKA” of the city of Chernomorsk, Odessa region.

Laboratory studies to study the chemical composition of citrus granules were conducted in the Research and Service Company “OTAVA” in 2019.

The fat content in the sample №1157 / 3 was determined according to the method of GOST 32905-2014 (ISO 6492: 1999) “Feed, compound feedstuff, feedstock. Method for determination of crude fat content”, by extracting crude fat from the product with a solvent, subsequent removal of the solvent, drying and weighing the extracted fat [9, 10].

The protein content in sample 1157/3 was determined according to the method of GOST 13496.4-93 “ Feed, compound feedstuff, feedstock. Methods for determining the content of nitrogen and crude protein” by measuring the nitrogen content and converting the result to the protein content.

The total content of digestible carbohydrates was defined as the sum of simple sugars and carbohydrates that are easily hydrolyzed (“inverted”). Prior to hydrolysis, the content of simple sugars is determined, followed by the determination of the total invert sugar, which consists of the original simple sugars contained in the sample and the simple sugars formed by hydrolysis.

The content of simple sugars in sample 1157/3 was determined according to the method of GOST 5903-89 “Confectionery”. Methods for determination of sugar by measuring the amount of monovalent copper oxide formed by the iodometric method due to the reaction with reducing substances (simple sugars). Accordingly, the gross content of digestible carbohydrates was determined in a similar manner, after acid hydrolysis of dissolved poly- and oligosaccharides to glucose.

BAS, mineral and vitamin composition of citrus pomace was determined by generally accepted methods [9, 10].

Methods for determining the above indicators involve working with crushed dry sample. The sample was pre-dried to constant weight at 65°C and ground to a powder.

To convert the measurement results to the native state of the sample, the content of volatile substances and water in it was determined. The sample was dried on an automatic moisture meter to a constant weight at a temperature of 65°C. The moisture and volatile matter content was 2,55 ± 0,35% by weight of the sample.

3 Results and discussion

Taking into account the useful properties of citrus pomace, a method of processing citrus pomace into feed additives was developed. When citrus was extruded, up to 55-60% of moisture evaporated from the extrudate, which ensured the moisture content in the feed additive was not more than 12-13%, which allows to store the feed additive for a long time.

The humidity of the mixture before extrusion was not more than 17-19%. The Introduction into the mixture of 20% sunflower meal with a moisture content of 10%, 37% molasses with a moisture content of 20%, citrus extrudate 75% with a moisture content of 15%, made it possible to obtain a mixture with a moisture content of 15%.

Given the results of studies of citrus feed additives, the most effective is the inclusion in the feed additive: sunflower meal 20%, molasses 5% and 75% of citrus fruits.

Citrus pomace is separately prepared for processing, crushed on a grater to a particle size of 2-3 mm, homogenized and dosed, after which sunflower meal, molasses is mixed in a mincer to form a homogeneous mixture.

The granular process is the compression of a homogeneous mass by pressing rollers and the surface of the matrix with round holes. Compression takes place under the action of moisture, heat and pressure, at this time the homogeneous mixture acquires thermoplastic properties and through the holes of the matrix takes the form of granules.

The temperature of the obtained granules was + 60-80°C, after that they are sent to the cooler, where they are cooled to a temperature of 18-20 °C. The humidity of the cooled granules did not exceed 6-7%. The floury fraction is obtained after sieving the granules, sent for further granulation. A sample of cylindrical granules with a diameter of 5-6 mm was obtained in Fig. 1.

To use the obtained citrus granules for feed purposes, we conducted a study of chemical composition and nutrition.

The results of determining the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates are listed on the native state of the sample №1157/3 and the result of calculating the energy value per 100 g of product are shown in table 1.

Chemical analysis of citrus granules showed that 100 g contains: protein 6.15 g, fat 0.99 g, carbohydrates -21.8 g, of which simple sugars 14 g, the energy value of this feed additive is Kcal (kJ) 120.7 (505.7).

The mineral and vitamin composition of citrus per 100 grams of product are shown in table 2.

Scientific and economic experiment to study the effectiveness of the use of citrus granules in the diets of dairy cows was carried out for 105 days by the group method according to the scheme shown in table 3.

Feeding of cows was double, carried out individually, taking into account the specified feed and their residues. The total nutritional value of the rations was determined by detailed norms, the milk yield of cows was carried out individually once every 10 days. The average daily milk yield for the study was taken twice in the transition period and in the main and in the final at the end of each period in proportion to the amount of milk. Food consumption during the experiment was quite high. The composition and nutritional value of the average daily rations of experimental animals are shown in table 4.

The data in table 3 indicate that when using a feed additive from citrus pomace, the nutritional value of the diet is improved by the sugar protein ratio (0,62:1 against 0,8:1,2).

Dairy productivity of cows is shown in table 5. As can be seen from table 5, the average daily milk yield was higher in cows of the research group by 1.8 kg or 15.5%. Therefore, the effectiveness of feeding dairy cows with a feed additive from citrus feed for 105 days of scientific and economic experiment had a positive effect on milk productivity. The cost of feed for milk production of 4% fat was almost the same 0.97-0.98 feed units.

Fig. 1. Photo of the obtained sample.

4 Conclusion

1. Studies indicate a positive impact of the technological line of granulation of citrus waste, which allows to obtain high quality granules. 100 g contains: proteins -6.15 g, fats 0.99 g, carbohydrates 21.8 g, of which simple sugars 14 g, the energy value of this feed additive is Kcal (kJ) 120.7 (505.7).

2. When using a feed additive from citrus pomace, the nutritional value of the diet is improved by sugar protein ratio (0.62: 1 vs. 0.8: 1.2).

3. Introduction to the diet of dairy cows feed additives from citrus pomace during stable lactation increases the average daily hope by 1.8 kg or 15.5%, feed costs for milk production of 4% fat was almost the same 0.97-0.98 feed units.

References

All Tables

All Figures

	Fig. 1. Photo of the obtained sample.
In the text